Revision as of 16:00, 5 November 2017

• Intro: Here is a detailed introduction to atomically precise manufacturing as a whole.
• The DAPMAT demo project

The far term goal

A personal desktop gem-gum factory fabblet with dynamically deployed protective hood.

The personal gem gum factory is: Your personal device that can push out virtually every thing* of your daily use. (* at least every inedible thing) The personal gem gum factory makes: Your products that are as cheap as the abundant mining-free raw materials that it processes. Your products that are far superior to today's best and ridiculously expensive high tech products. Your products potentially in an environmentally friendly effluent free way (also advanced recycling is faster than producing from scratch) Graphical Infosheets: [1] (work in progress)

The existence of a personal fabricator will have profound impact human society on a global scale. The basis for such a personal fabricator - the atomically precise manufacturing (APM) technology - is beginning to be figured out today.

Guided Tour

Here forms a general introduction to atomically precise manufacturing. The introductory tour is meant for a wide target audience ranging from newbie to expert and from young to old. (Advanced readers should be able to quickly dive deeper via progressive disclosure).

Please excuse the links dangling into construction sites.
The tour is still a far stretch from being in a somewhat coherent state.

Tour by topic

Tour by map

There is something like a universal all encompassing timeless landscape of technology (an abstract concept). This landscape turns out to be very well suited to give a general overview over the various aspects of the field of atomically precise manufacturing.

Main article: "possibility space"; (1) R&D with (1a) untargeted research discovering more surprising pathway entry points (1b) targeted engineering marching forward on identified pathway entry points; (2) path, especially incremental path with three technology levels (2a,2b,2c); (3) target backward preparatory design (4) far off target: gem-gum factory; (5a) gemstone based metamaterials, (5b) advanced products and (5c) more abstract consequences (good and bad) hard to quantify and blurring into speculation -- (green areas) Exploratory engineering. (dark green) known today.

The landscape is about the range of fundamentally possible of technologies. The range of these possible technologies is determined by physical law. Under the assumption that physical laws do not change in time or space, the fundamental potential of technology too does not change in time or space. (Assuming unchanging physical law should obviously make sense for all practical purposes. Side notes of little relevance on that here).

Uncovering the fundamental potential of technology is thus not about predicting the future as one might suspect. It's about uncovering truths that where already there since the "dawn of time" (and which hold everywhere).

Specifically in the field of atomically precise manufacturing there is the unusual situation that some things that cannot yet be built or directly tested, can already be understood and simulated. Sometimes more reliably, sometimes less. Some major ones of those areas of investigation in the field of APM that feature this unusual situation are depicted as green "islands" in the landscape above. When isolating a strategy to maximize the reliability of such predictions one ends up with the methodology of exploratory engineering.

Atomically Precise Manufacturing (APM) – near term & far term

What APM is not

While early APM may have overlap with these areas the far term goals are completely and utterly different.

• soft nanomachines, molecular biology, synthetic biology – Main article: "Brownian technology path"

What APM actually is

APM is basically the capability of manufacturing products such that the atoms they are constituted of link (bind) to each other in "exactly" the way one desires them to. Since "absolute exactness" in other words "making no errors ever" is a fundamental physical impossibility one just aims for extremely low error rates. On the long run error rates comparable to the bit-error-rates one can find in todays digital data processing systems.

Today and near term

Pick and place assembly of single atoms (or molecule fragments) is not at all a necessity for early forms of APM.
In fact pick and place assembly is not needed at all for early forms of APM. Assembly driven by the "vigorous" thermal motion at the nanoscale (slightly misleading tech-term: "self assembly") can do the job.

• This Thermally driven assembly is not present in macroscale manufacturing. Therefore it is not present in our (knowledge and) intuition (unless we study the nanoscale in detail). Advanced APM is sometimes claimed to be impossible due to the effects of thermal motion. Which is clearly wrong for all the points that have been pointed at (mechanosynthesis, friction, ...). What is the case is that some proponents of advanced APM may lack knowledge (and intuition) regarding thermal motion.
• Thermally driven assembly puts thing together in faulty configurations quite often (high error rates). But its just enough such that one can start climbing the "stiffness ladder" introducing more and more restrained and forced motion leading to advanced APM.

It may come somewhat unexpected but in early APM systems there is no need for the atoms to stay in place. No, that does not contradict the introduction earlier. The atoms still need to keep their nearest neighbors they are strongly bonded to. What needs to be preserved such that is counts as atomically precise (in the weak (topological) sense) is just "what links to what" (tech-term: "bond topology").

In the early atomically precise systems of today the atoms tend to be bonded together in polymer chains. The whole chains constantly deform since the (zig-zag going) bonds in these polymer chains can (and very much do) rotate and flex. Thereby atoms can be displaced much more than their own diameter. Polymer chains with (mutually puzzle piece like matching) "side groups" that cause these chains to fold up into compact lumps (such chains are called: "foldamers") restrict this unwanted freedom of motion far enough to give the folded lumps a (more or less) predictable shape. But the location of the individual atoms may (and usually will) still wiggle around way beyond the diameter of the individual atoms.

In some sense even chemistry (the deterministic parts of it) could be counted as the earliest form of APM. (This is very much excluding macromolecular polymer chemistry with statistical cross-linking.) Important to note is that a major aspect of APM is that it specifically focuses on scaling up APM capabilities to bigger sizes. Chemistry is on the very bottom and does not scale up well.

In advanced atomically precise systems the atomically precise lumps are no longer made from folded up chains. Instead of chains the chemical bonds form tight meshes. Tiny crystals with molecule character. This tight mesh of bonds prevents the bonds from rotating, excessive stretching and bending. It is stiff. Here the location of the individual atoms can finally be restrained below the diameter of the individual atoms. This is atomically precise (in the strong (positional) sense). It allows advanced force applying mechanosynthesis.

In summary: While APM systems must always be topologically precise positional precision is reserved for the more advanced forms of APM.

Towards the far term

There are two core ideas that determine what the R&D direction from early forms of APM to advanced forms of APM actually is. This wiki will refer to those two ideas with the shorthand "gem-gum". This shorthand has been chosen since:

• it is catchy, in other words easy to spell and remember.
  whereas "high throughput atomically precise manufacturing" and "atomically precise manufacturing level technology" are not.
  (Source of these rather long terms: "Radical Abundance")
• it is highly specific and thus hard to annex by other concepts. It very clearly points to the far term goal
  which "high throughput atomically precise manufacturing level technology" does not.

Gem

Core idea #1 Gem:
Short for high stiffness gemstone like compound.

Gradual increase of the stiffness of the materials we build with is the ultimate key to raise our level of control over matter (the key to advanced mechanosynthesis). The term "gem" (short for gemstone - obviously) points exclusively to the ideal stiff base materials of the far term target technology. This explicitly excludes early stage atomically precise manufacturing such as "structural DNA nanotechnology"

Gem-Gum

Gemstone based mechanical metamaterials (here called "gem-gum") are a clear (and relatively simple) far term goal of APM. "Gem-gum" will extend the material properties that are available to us today to material properties that currently are deemed exotic or even contradictory and seemingly impossible. In the process of getting towards the far term goal of "gem-gum" even further reaching capabilities are likely to become accessible that can provide material properties even beyond those that "gem-gum" can provide. One of example would be: Direct mechanosynthesis of digestible food molecules. But these materials are even further out and even harder to predict.

Core idea #2 Gem-Gum:
Short for gemstone based mechanical metamaterials with seemingly contradicting and impossible properties. "Gum" (in the sense of rubber like stuff) made out of gemstone, is just a catchy example.

Even when one can mechanosynthesize almost nothing (just a few simple base materials) one can make almost anything by mechanical emulation. This is the "magic" of mechanical metamaterials. "Gum" is just a shorthand for one concrete example of such a metamaterial that rhymes on "Gem" which makes memorization a lot easier. Also it's a concrete example that's rather un-intuitive. Rubber made from gemstone. This could peak interest (click-bait effect).

Even with very minimal high stiffness nano-manufacturing capabilities (just one single high performance compound like e.g. diamond and nothing else) the amount of materials creatable will far exceed what is available today.

Limits to the ambitions

APM is sometimes said to have the goal to:

• Create most arrangements (or patterns) of atoms that are permitted by and consistent with physical law.

But that is even beyond the far term goal of gem-gum factories.

Due to the strong "pessimism" (more formally "conservativeness") of exploratory engineering the reliably predictable part of future tecnology is just the innermost naked core of what will really emerge. Part of this "innermost naked core" are just a few base materials. But these few alone are, when made into (mechanical) metamaterials, already sufficient for the emulation of an overwhelming plethora of material properties that goes far beyond what we have today (2017).

Much of the yet to come stuff that cannot yet be expected from the incremental path (including fundamentally unpredictable scientific discoveries) may remain in the final systems. But there also often will be strong reasons to ditch earlier legacy technology to not unnecessarily limit the range of situations in which the advanced products will be usable in.

Links

Webpages

• Forum
• Foresight Institute: Nanotechnology
• Disquisition 2013 "Nano-solutions for the 21st century: Unleashing the fourth technological revolution"
• Zyvex's definition of APM
• Other sites

Brief introduction videos

• Nanotube TV (von Nanotechnology Industries) (2016-10)
• Nanotechnology: the big picture with Dr Eric Drexler and Dr Sonia Trigueros (2016-01-28)
• Transforming the Material Basis of Civilization | Eric Drexler | TEDxISTAlameda (2015-11-16)
• Chris Phoenix on Molecular Manufacturing (2014-09?) (alternative 2)(alternative1) Nanotechnologist (older dead link)
• Dr Eric Drexler - Remaking the 21st Century (2014-01-23) long! 1h 14min
• Video of oxford talk (2014-01-22): Eric K. Drexler speaks about his new book "Radical Abundance"
• John Randall: "Atomically Precise Manufacturing" at Foresight Technical Conference 2013
  Illuminating Atomic Precision: Foresight Technical Conference January 2013
• Fully Printed (2010-06) - Note: Diamondoid nanofactories will look and work differently and won't produce food.

• Ralph Merkle - An introduction to Molecular Nanotechnology (2009-11)
• presentation by Phillip Moriarty (2009-09):
  SENS4 - Molecular Nanotechnology in the Real World: How Feasible is a Nanofactory?
  (1/4) - (2/4) - (3/4) - (4/4)
• Nottingham Nanotechnology debate (2005-08-24):
  (recording of the whole debate)
  Unfortunately videos got deleted :(
  (1/7) - (2/7) - (3/7) - (4/7) - (5/7) - (6/7) - (7/7) -- repaired links (7/7)

• BBC Horizon Nanoutopia (1995)(broken link#2) (older broken link) - Note: The term "nanotechnology" turned out to be to unspecific and the assembler concept is now superseded by the nanofactory concept. The complexity of a nanofactory will be akin to modern day computer chips.

• Richard Feynman Nanotechnology Lecture - Tiny Machines (1984-10-25)

Locally hosted files

• Slides from the talk the apm-wiki site admin gave at the austrian "linuxwochen" event: slides-pdf-file