Latest revision as of 13:44, 19 November 2024

Very good materials

Best of the best

All diamondoids come in:

• cubic zincblende structure
• hexagonal wurzite structure

Related main page: Diamond like compounds

Best diamondoid compounds

C – pure carbon "dialondeite" this includes the allotropes:

• C in zincblende structure is called diamond of the normal cubic variety
• C in wurzite structure is called lonsdaleite "hexagonal diamond"

SiC – gemstone quality optically transparent silicon carbide aka moissanite.
The structure of natural moissanite is in-between the zincblende and the wurzite structure.
This is part of what makes natural moissanite more though than natural diamond.
This does not apply to piezochemically mechanosynthesized and very small structures like some crystolecules though.
A main advantage of moissanite over diamond is it's high heat and oxidation resistance.

Si – pure silicon (eventually)
Not optically transparent since a semiconductor with low enough bandgap.
Lower mechanical chemical and thermal stability then the above.

BN – diamondoid boron nitride (cubic c-BN and hexagonal w-BN)
Boron is not super extremely abundant and available.
There is a rare natural mineral of the cubic variety called – quingsongit (de) – cubic – Mohs 9-10
Like graphene in the case of carbon there's a graphitic polymorph of BN. This is not counted as "diamondoid" here.

BC₂N – heterodiamond
Basically an intermediate between dialondeite and "diamondoid boron nitride".

AlN – aluminum nitride – optically transparent due to big bandgap (visible light)
A main advantage compared to boron nitride is that aluminium is much more common than boron.
Disadvantages are lower mechanical (thermal?) and chemical stability.
The surface is not stable against water at the nanoscale level (powders hydrolyse to amonniak NH₃ and aluminum hydroxide).
Nanomachinery out of AlN must thus be sealed into a product internal environment. PPV is way more than sufficient. Juts solvents like water need to be kept away.

Phosphides: Phosphorus has a similar abundance/acessibility problem as boron.
It's by no means scarce (see fertilizer) but by no means anywhere near accessible as nitrogen. (See:Air as a resource).
Plus some compounds can be a huge health hazard. Like (AlP aluminum phosphide) releasing highly toxic phosphine (PH₃) gas on contact with water.
Out of these reasons they are not listed here as materials with high potential here.
Diamondoid phosphides are listed on the page: Diamond like compounds

Best SiO₂ polymorphs

Metastable ultrahard and dense SiO₂ polymorphs:

• SiO₂ stishovite (tetragonal rutile structure)
• SiO₂ seifertite (orthorhombic scrutinyite structure)
• Stabilized versions of these using titanium as substituent: mechadensite

Simple titanium gemstones

Titanium combined with all sorts of abundant non-metal elements forms astoundingly many gemstone like compounds with exceptionally good mechanical and thermal properties. (Unlike the extremely abundant element iron that disappointingly underperforms in this regard). Titanium is reasonably abundant in Earths crust. Not as common as iron though. Titanium is especially common on our moon. There is also lack of non-volatile non-metal elements (like carbon and nitrogen) to combine it with though. Well, even for a quite big moonbases the volatiles in polar moon craters will suffice.

Titanium compounds with second row elements

• TiB₂ titanium diboride - hexagonal 2D layered - 3230°C - 4.52g/ccm - optically metallic - highly refractory compound
• TiC titanium carbide - simple cubic - 3160°C (800°C in air) - 4.93g/ccm Mohs 9 to 9.5 - water insoluble (almost)
• TiN titanium nitride - simple cubic - 2,947°C - 5.21 g/cm3 - optically metallic (golden) - "barrier metal" - water insoluble (almost)

Associated minerals:

• TiC titanium end-member of khamrabaevit – Mohs 9 – hongquiit Mohs 5.5-6.0??
• TiN osbornite (wikipedia) – Mohs 8.5 – 5.43g/ccm

Titanium oxides:

• TiO [1] - hongquiite - simple cubic - 1,750C° - 4.95g/ccm - optically metallic (golden)
• Ti₂O₃ [2] - tistarite - hexagonal corundum structure (like sapphire) - 2,130°C (decomposes) - 4.49g/ccm - semiconducting to metallic at 200°C
• TiO₂ [3] - rutile, anatase, brookite, and more

Titanium compounds with third row elements:

• TiP - phosphid Titan(III) phosphide (de.zxc.wiki) - hexagonal - 1860°C - 3.94g/ccm - optically metallic
• Ti₃P (materialsproject.org) - tetragonal - 4.7g/ccm

• TiSi₂ titanium disilicide - orthorhombic (complex unit cell) - 1,470°C - 4.02g/ccm - water insoluble - optically metallic and electrically conductive - C54 phase (researchgate) - More titanium silicides ...
• Ti₃Si - tetragonal - (isotype to Ti₃P - see above and Zr₃P) – (can this form a cubic A15 phase too ??)
• Ti₅Si₄ - 2120°C - tetragonal (isotype to Zr₅Si₄)
• TiSi titanium monosilicide - 1760 °C - orthorhombic (isotype to FeB)
• Ti₅Si₉ - spacegroup Cmcm (Nr. 63) - 3.9g/ccm
• Ti₅Si₃

Given silicon is a semi-metal and titanium is a metal titanium silicides should come with quite metallic properties (optically and electrically).
But mechanically still gemstone like like inter-metallic compounds.

Simple zirconium gemstones

Zirconium Zr compounds (maybe)

• Zr (fifth row) is the element below Titanium (fourth row)
• Zr is the most abundant fifth and below row non alkali element (Earth's crust).
• Zr makes similarly good compounds with various other elements as Ti

• Wikipedia: Zirconium: oxides, nitrides, and carbides
• ZrC zirconium carbide very high melting point (~3530 °C)
• ZrN zirconium_nitride –
• ZrP ??
• ZrO
• ZrO₂ Baddeleyite (aka cubic zirconia) 3D structure (mineralienatlas)
• ZrSiO₄ Zircon (zirconium silicate)

Quite simple rutile structure & hard

• Rutile TiO₂ – Mohs 6.0 to 6.5
• Stishovite - metastable SiO₂ polymorph - rutile structure & very hard and dense – Mohs 8.5 to 9.5
• The in-between: mechadensite

And neo-polymorphs with rutile structure. These include:

• Silicon group: GeO₂, SnO₂, β-PbO₂ – (germanium Ge is rather rare)
• Other: MnO₂, FeSbO₄ – (antimony Sb is rather rare)

See: rutile structure. There is also a mention on that on the page about silicon
This could be called the the stishovite continuum or the rutile continuum.

Corundum structure & hard

The corundum structure is hexagonal unlike the rutile structure
this can be but not necessarily is a downside in that the design of crystolecules
based on corundum structure materials might be more difficult and or more limited. (DISPUTABLE).

• Leukosapphire (Al₂O₃) – Mohs 9 (defining mineral)
• Tistarite (Ti₂O₃) – Mohs 8.5 – optically metallic

• Eskolatite (Cr₂O₃) – Mohs 8 – optically metallic – Chromium is less common
• Hematite (Fe₂O₃) – Mohs 5.5 to 6.5 – optically metallic – Iron compounds are usually weaker

For more examples including less performant ones see:
Corundum structure – corundum is a term for low grade sapphire (and polymorphs: deltalumite)

Leukosapphire is widely known and already often suggested right after diamond.
Tistarite is a high performance titanium based oxidic gem that deserves much more attention.
It is much harder than other more common titanium oxide minerals (with exact same stoichometry) like rutile, anatase, and brookite.
Some substitutions with silicon may make it even harder at the expense of thermal stability. Much like in mechadensite.
(TODO: Investigate is if tistarite remains sable with some Ti to Si substitution and if it hardens it on expense of thermal stability.)

Mono metal monoxides (simple cublic NaCl salt structure)

Earth alkali based

• MgO periclase - surprisingly unreactive compared to CaO - also surprisingly little water soluble for a salt
• CaO anhydrous lime - questionable - highly reactive with water - ok if well sealed inside of products

Transition metal based

Some transition metal monoxides (Typical: Max 1300-1900°C - Mohs 5-6)

• TiO hongquiite
• MnO manganosite - (Mn is less abundant)
• FeO wüstite
• NiO bunsenite - (Ni is not too abundant on earth but very abundant on metallic asteroids)

V vanadium, Cr chromium, Co cobalt do that too but
these elements are more scarce thus
not included as pure high volume base materials here

Other quite interesting compounds

• CaTiO₃ perovskite – Mohs 5.0-5.5 – orthorhombic – (structure)

Decently hard iron nitrides:

• Fe₄N Roaldite 3D structure (de) – cubic – Mohs 5.5-6.0 – (very simple crystal structure)
• Fe₉N₄ Siderazot 3D structure (de) – triclinic – Mohs ?? – (not as complex as formula suggests)

Silicon oxynitride:

• Si₂N₂O Sinoite [4] silicon oxynitride [5] 3D structure (de) – ortorhombic pyramidal – 2.83g/ccm

Corundum/sapphire polymorphs (See: Leukosapphire#Polymorphs):

• Al₂O₃ Deltalumite (δ form of corundum, polymorph of sapphire) – tetragonal – Mohs ?? (likely quite hard) – [6]

Spinel minerals (they all have nice cubic unit cells)

• Spinel MgAl₂O₄ – Mohs 7.5 to 8.0 – cubic
• Ulvöspinel TiFe₂O₄ – Mohs 5.5 to 6.0 – optically metallic

Ambient pressure stable high pressure modificaions of olivine:

• High pressure modification of iron olivine γ-Fe₂SiO₄: Ahrensite – [7] – (Mohs 6 – 4.26g/ccm)
• High pressure modification of magnesium olivine Mg₂SiO₄: Ringwoodite – (Mohs ? – 3.9g/ccm)

Quite good materials with some hampering weakness(es)

Con: low crystal structure symmetry

• Al₂O₃ – leukosapphire - Mohs 9 (defining material) - (isostructural to Ti₂O₃ tistarite?)
• β-C₃N₄ – beta carbon nitride – (possibly a fire hazard)
• Si₃N₄ – silicon nitride
• Si₃N₄ – nierite 3D structure (de) – Mohs 9
• SiO₂ – common quartz - and other low density polymorphs of SiO₂

Con: Somewhat soft materials

Saving graces: very common or acessible elements, some degradability, nature friendliness (common biomineral – sea shells)

• CaCO₃ calcite – trigonal – Mohs 3 (defining mineral)
• CaCO₃ aragonite – ortorhombic – Mohs 3.5-4.0 – (a bit harder and somewhat higher symmetry crystal structure)

Other compounds

Boron

B₄C – boron carbide High mechanical thermal and chemical resistance.
Boron is not as common and almost everywhere accessible as carbon though.

Beryllium

BeO bromellite [8] – excellent material – hexagonal – simple minimal unit cell (de) – very hard Mohs 9
Problems:

• beryllium is quite scarce
• beryllium is quite poisonous – it's can be quite well sealed in a macroscopic gemstone though – how well a nanomachinery metamaterial out of many nanoscale bromellite crystolecules will seal the beryllium: not so clear

Big unit cell but still nice because high symmetry cubic

• Sodalih (Na,Al,Cl silicate) (wikiepdia) [9] – cubic – Mohs 5.75
• And (almost?) isostructural ones like: Haüyn, Nosean, Bicchulith, ...

• Lazurite Mohs 5.0-5.5 – cubic – (minearlienatlas - nice unit cell structure)
  Many elements but all common (Na,Ca,S,Cl,Al,Si,H) – silicate, sulfate, and hydroxy elements

Garnets

X₃Y₂(SiO₄)₃ the class of garnet gemstones [10] – typically hard Mohs 6.6-7.5 – and cubic – but big unit cell

• Andradite – Ca₃Fe₂Si₃O₁₂ – iron but no aluminum garnet – HUGE unit cell 3D structure (de)

• Almandine – Fe₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ – iron and aluminum garnet
• Pyrope – Mg₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ – aluminum but no iron
• Grossular – Ca₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ – aluminum but no iron

• Spessartine – Mn₃Al₂Si₃O₁₂ – (less abundant manganese)
• Uvarovite – Ca₃Cr₂Si₃O₁₂ – (less abundant chromium – neither aluminum nor iron)

Wikipedia:

• Category:Garnet_group
• Category:Garnet_gemstones

Other

• [Silicide carbides] e.g. Al₄SiC₄ (hexagonal)
• [Phosphide carbides] e.g. Cr₃PC (ororhombic) (non of the listed contain elements of very high abundance)

MAX phases

• MAX phases
• Ti₃SiC₂ Titanium silicon carbide

(wiki-TODO: Perhaps add back in the ones with one of Sn,Zn,Pb?)

Related

• Gemstone like compound and Diamond like compounds
• Simple crystal structures of especial interest
• Simple metal containing carbides and nitrides
• Can we make these high potential base materials from random stones lying around on the ground?
  Yes! See: Common stones
• Abundant element
• High performance of gem-gum technology

• Older redundant page: Charts for gemstone-like compounds

External links

Wkipedia:

• Category:Superhard_materials (Note: Many of them incorporate very rare elements)
• Superhard material

• Sialon its phases as singly crystals – α trigonal, β hexagonal, O' orthorhombic
  there are Al–N and Al–O bonds substituting for Si–N bonds – these substitutions would be subject to checkerpatterning via piezomechanosynthesis to gain discretized transitions in a pseudo phase diagram
• Aluminium oxynitride ALON – Mohs 8.5-9.0 (guessed from 85% as hard as sapphire )– cubic (spinel structure) – 2150 °C

Cite error: <ref> tags exist, but no <references/> tag was found