Ternary and higher gem-like compounds

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This page is about:

The focus of this page is on ternary materials. That is materials made out of three elements.
Three is still a small number and may make for simpler crystal structures.

  • A part of the materials here are the the salts of oxoacids that add just one type of metal.
  • A part of the materials here are rock forming minerals.

Metastable materials

Note that with mechanosynthesis it is possible to control solid solutions series in a novel non-statistical manner.

With creation of materials by melting and recrystallisation (that is the "normal" thermodynamic means of today) atoms that are chemically similar often can and will not form regular patterns on cooling and solidifying but remain in a mixed chaotic state.

When materials are created via mechanosynthesis (which does not involve heating the material) then the atoms can be deliberately placed in (within bounds) arbitrary non random checkerboard-patterns on any scales. And the atoms will stay there (at their entropically unstable position) as long as the material is not heated so much that notable diffusion sets in. Room temperature and quite way above can be ok for. It all depends on the particular design in question.

See "pseudo phase diagrams" and "neo-polymorphs" for more information.

most common metal rich core mantle transition zone minerals

In the earths mantle and crust silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements. On the borther to earths outer core this changes to iron and nickle. Down there the most abundant minearls are made from mixture of those elements. As a sidenote: In nature when iron rich metal is available in stochiometric excess heterogenous pallasite is formed. This rock looks really beautiful and can be found in some meteroids - recommendation to check it out.

Of interest as diamondoid materials may be the pure end members of the mixing series:

related minerals:

The spinell group (wikipedia)

These oxide minerals are devoid of the ubiquitously present silicon.

aluminum spinells

iron spinells

related compound:

  • ZnFe3O4 - wikipedia: zinc ferrite - synthetic zinc ferrites

Pseudobrookite group - common in titanium rich lunar soil

From wikipedia page Armacolite: "End members are armalcolite ((Mg,Fe)Ti2O5), pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5), ferropseudobrookite (FeTi2O5) and karrooite (MgTiO5). They are isostructural and all have orthorhombic crystal structure and occur in lunar and terrestrial rocks."

Related compounds:

Alkali and earth alkali compounds

They tend to be rather soluble in binary compounds (you won't find many there) in ternary and higher compounds they tend to form less water soluble minerals. See: compounds with s-block metals

Other

  • Various silicates [1]

Another interesting tertiary material falling in this scheme would be CSiO 4
a solid intermediate material between CO2(gas) SiO2(solid quartz): [2] (A prototypical pseudo phase diagram.)

  • AlPO4 berlinite Wikipedia:Berlinite Mohs 6.5 (similar to quartz)
  • MnCO3 rhodochrosite [3] Mohs 3.5-4
  • MnSiO3 rhodonite [4] Mohs 5.5-6.5
  • Na4Al3Si9O24Cl marialite Mohs 5.5-6 (scapolite end member)
  • Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 meionite Mohs 5-6 (scapolite end member)
  • Cu2FeSnS4 stannite [5] (contains unabundant copper and tin) Mohs 4
  • CuFeS2 calcopyrite [6] Mohs 3.5 (unabundant copper | metallic gold)
  • CuFe2S3 cubanite Mohs 3.5-4 orthorhombic
  • Fe9Ni9S16 pentlandite [7] (Mohs 3.5-4 cubic)

MAX phases [8] … layered, hexagonal carbides and nitrites exhibiting both metallic and ceramic characteristics.
The max phases made form the mosts abundant elements are the ones with titanium as M and rock forming elements (Si or Al) as A:
211: Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, Ti2SC
312: Ti3AlC2, Ti3SiC2
413: Ti4AlN3, Ti4SiC3
Some MAX phases with rare but not extremely rare elements:
211 M = Ti: Ti2PbC, Ti2SnC, Ti2ZnC, Ti2ZnN
211 M = Zr: Zr2AlC, Zr2SC, Zr2PbC, Zr2SnC
211 M = Cr: Cr2AlC
211 M = V: V2AlC, V2PC, V2ZnC
211 M = Nb: Nb2AlC, Nb2SC, Nb2PC, Nb2SnC, Nb2CuC
211 A = Al: Zr2AlC, Cr2AlC, V2AlC, Nb2AlC
211 A = Cu: Nb2CuC
211 A = Pb: Ti2PbC, Zr2PbC
211 A = Sn: Ti2SnC, Zr2SnC, Nb2SnC
211 A = Zn: Ti2ZnC, Ti2ZnN, V2ZnC
211 A = S: Zr2SC, Nb2SC
211 A = P: V2PC, Nb2PC
312: Ti3SnC2, Ti3ZnC2, Zr3AlC2, V3AlC2
413: V4AlC3, Nb4AlC3
MAX phases with highly rare elements like (Sc,Mo,Hf,Ta; Cd,Ga,In,Tl,Hf,Ge,As) have been excluded from the listing here.

Related

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