Difference between revisions of "Ternary and higher gem-like compounds"

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== Look out for rock forming minerals here ==
+
This page is about:
 +
* looking through materials made out of three chemical elements (somewhat systematically) and
 +
* checking for their potential usefulness as mechanical [[base material]]s for <br>[[mechanical metamaterial]]s in future [[advanced atomically precise technology]].
  
−
Alkali and earth alkali compounds tend to be rather soluble in binary compounds (you won't find many [[S-block metals|there]]) in ternary and higher compounds they tend to form less water soluble minerals. See: '''[[s-block metals|compounds with s-block metals]]'''
+
The focus of this page is on ternary materials. That is materials made out of three elements. <br>
 +
Three is still a small number and may make for [[simpler crystal structures]].
 +
* A part of the materials here are the the [[salts of oxoacids]] that add just one type of metal.
 +
* A part of the materials here are rock forming minerals.
 +
 
 +
== Metastable materials ==
 +
 
 +
Note that with [[mechanosynthesis]] it is possible to control solid solutions series in a novel non-statistical manner.
 +
 
 +
With creation of materials by melting and recrystallisation (that is the "normal" thermodynamic means of today) atoms that are chemically similar often can and will not form regular patterns on cooling and solidifying but remain in a mixed chaotic state.
 +
 
 +
When materials are created via mechanosynthesis (which does not involve heating the material) then the atoms can be deliberately placed in (within bounds) arbitrary non random checkerboard-patterns on any scales.
 +
And the atoms will stay there (at their entropically unstable position) as long as the material is not heated so much that notable diffusion sets in. Room temperature and quite way above can be ok for. It all depends on the particular design in question. <br>
 +
 
 +
See "[[pseudo phase diagram]]s" and "[[neo-polymorph]]s" for more information.
 +
 
 +
== most common metal rich core mantle transition zone minerals ==
 +
 
 +
In the earths mantle and crust silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements.
 +
On the borther to earths outer core this changes to iron and nickle.
 +
Down there the most abundant minearls are made from mixture of those elements.
 +
As a sidenote: In nature when iron rich metal is available in stochiometric excess heterogenous [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallasite pallasite] is formed. This rock looks really beautiful and can be found in some meteroids - recommendation to check it out.
 +
 
 +
Mixing series of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine olivine (wikipedia)] / [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridot peridot (wikipedia)] - (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
 +
With high pressure modifications:
 +
* Mg<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadsleyite wadseylite (wikipedia)] – sorosilicate – ortorhombic – dipyramidal – Mohs ??
 +
* Mg<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwoodite ringwoodite (wikipedia)] – nesosilicate – cubic – Mohs ??
 +
 
 +
Of interest as diamondoid materials may be the pure end members of the mixing series:
 +
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayalite Fayalite] Fe<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6.5-7.0
 +
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite Forsterite] Mg<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 7
 +
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephroite Tephroite] Mn<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> (less interesting since Mn is more scarce) – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6
 +
* Titanium Silicate TiSiO<sub>4</sub> [https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4954356.html] [http://www.americanelements.com/titanium-silicate-nanopowder.html (broken)]
 +
 
 +
Related minerals:
 +
 
 +
* Ca(Mg,Fe)SiO<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticellite magnesium and iron monticellite] – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 5.5
 +
* CaTiSiO<sub>5</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanite Titanite or Sphene] (optical dispersion exceeding diamond; birefringent) – monoclinic – Mohs 5.0-5.5
 +
* Mn<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spessartine spessartine] - (with rather rare Manganese) – cubic – Mohs 6.5-7.0
 +
* FeTiO<sub>3</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite Ilmenite] – trigonal rhombohedral – Mohs 5-6
 +
 
 +
The following '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminosilicate aluminosilicates]''' are susceptible to heat (200°C)
 +
* Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> kyanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite Wikipedia:Kyanite] – triclinic  – Mohs 4.5-5.0 & 6.5-7.0 (highly anisotropic)
 +
* Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> andalusite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite Wikipedia:Andalusite] – ortorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6.5-7.5
 +
* Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> sillimanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillimanite Wikipedia:Sillimanite] – ortorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 7
 +
 
 +
== The spinell group ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel_group wikipedia]) ==
 +
 
 +
These oxide minerals are devoid of the ubiquitously present silicon.
 +
 
 +
'''aluminum spinells'''
 +
 
 +
* MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinel spinel] - Mohs 7.5 to 8.0
 +
* FeAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercynite hercynite] - Mohs 7.5
 +
* (Mg,Fe)Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylonite caylonite] - mixing series inbetween the former two - Mohs 7.5 to 8.0
 +
* ZnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahnite gahnite] - Mohs 7.5 to 8.0
 +
* BeAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoberyl crysoberyll] - Mos 8.5
 +
* MnAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxite galaxite] - (with rather rare manganese) - [http://rruff.info/Spinel/R070013 image] - Mohs 7.5
 +
 
 +
'''iron spinells'''
 +
 
 +
* MgFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesioferrite magnesioferrite] - Mohs 6.0 to 6.5
 +
* TiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulv%C3%B6spinel ulvöspinel] - Mohs 5.5 to 6.0
 +
* ZnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinite franklinite] - Mohs 5.5 to 6.0
 +
* NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevorite trevorite] - Mohs 5.0
 +
* MnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsite jacobsite] - (with rather rare manganese) - Mohs 5.5 to 6.0
 +
related compound:
 +
* ZnFe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> - wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_ferrite zinc ferrite] - synthetic zinc ferrites
 +
 
 +
== Pseudobrookite group - common in titanium rich lunar soil ==
 +
 
 +
From wikipedia page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armalcolite Armacolite]: "End members are armalcolite ((Mg,Fe)Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>), pseudobrookite (Fe<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>5</sub>), ferropseudobrookite (FeTi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>) and karrooite (MgTiO<sub>5</sub>). They are isostructural and all have orthorhombic crystal structure and occur in lunar and terrestrial rocks."
 +
 
 +
* Fe<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>5</sub>  wikipedia: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobrookite Pseudobrookite] (Mohs 6)
 +
 
 +
Related compounds:
 +
 
 +
* Fe<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>9</sub> [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorutil Pseudorutil (de)] (Mohs 3)
 +
* (Fe,Ca)SiO<sub>3</sub> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxferroite Pyroxferroite] (Mohs 4.5-5.5)
 +
 
 +
== Alkali and earth alkali compounds ==
 +
 
 +
They tend to be rather soluble in binary compounds (you won't find many [[S-block metals|there]]) in ternary and higher compounds they tend to form less water soluble minerals. See: '''[[s-block metals|compounds with s-block metals]]'''
  
 
* Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide calcium hydroxide aka slaked lime] (rather water soluble)  
 
* Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide calcium hydroxide aka slaked lime] (rather water soluble)  
Line 7: Line 91:
 
* MgCO<sub>3</sub> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MgCO3 magnesium carbonate aka magnesite] (slightly soluble)
 
* MgCO<sub>3</sub> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MgCO3 magnesium carbonate aka magnesite] (slightly soluble)
 
* Mg<sub>3</sub>B<sub>7</sub>O<sub>13</sub>Cl [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boracite boracite] (very slightly water soluble)
 
* Mg<sub>3</sub>B<sub>7</sub>O<sub>13</sub>Cl [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boracite boracite] (very slightly water soluble)
−
* ... many more
 
  
−
In the earths mantle and crust silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements.
+
== Other ==
−
On the borther to earths outer core this changes to iron and nickle.
+
−
Down there the most abundant minearls are made from mixture of those elements: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine olivine/peridot]
+
−
Of interest as diamondoid materials may be the pure end members of the mixing series:
+
−
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayalite Fayalite] Fe<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>
+
−
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsterite Forsterite] Mg<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>
+
−
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephroite Tephroite] Mn<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> (less interesting since Mn is more scarce)
+
−
* [http://www.americanelements.com/titanium-silicate-nanopowder.html Titanium Silicate] TiSiO<sub>4</sub>
+
−
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanite Titanite or Sphene] CaTiSiO<sub>5</sub> (optical dispersion exceeding diamond; birefringent)
+
  
−
In nature when iron rich metal is available in stochiometric excess heterogenous [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallasite pallasite] is formed. This rock looks really beautiful and can be found in some meteroids.
+
* Various silicates [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate_minerals]
  
−
Another interesting tertiary material would be CSiO<sub> 4</sub> <br>
+
* Sinoinite (SiNO) somewhere in the [[pseudo phase diagram]] that spans a triangle between silicon oxygen and nitrogen where also the more widely known [[binary diamondoid compound|binary stochiometries]] SiO<sub>2</sub> and Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> lie.
 +
 
 +
Another interesting tertiary material falling in this scheme would be CSiO<sub> 4</sub> <br>
 
a solid intermediate material between CO<sub>2</sub>(gas) SiO<sub>2</sub>(solid quartz): [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24781844]
 
a solid intermediate material between CO<sub>2</sub>(gas) SiO<sub>2</sub>(solid quartz): [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24781844]
 +
(A prototypical [[pseudo phase diagram]].)
 +
 +
* CaTiO<sub>3</sub> – Perovskite
 +
* BaTiO<sub>3</sub>
 +
* SrTiO<sub>3</sub>
 +
* ZrTiO<sub>3</sub> tp PbTiO<sub>3</sub> – [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate Lead zirconium titanate]
 +
 +
----
 +
* AlPO<sub>4</sub> berlinite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinite Wikipedia:Berlinite] Mohs 6.5 (similar to quartz)
 +
* MnCO<sub>3</sub> rhodochrosite [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodochrosit] Mohs 3.5-4
 +
* MnSiO<sub>3</sub> rhodonite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodonite] Mohs 5.5-6.5
 +
* Na<sub>4</sub>Al<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>9</sub>O<sub>24</sub>Cl [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marialite marialite] Mohs 5.5-6 (scapolite end member)
 +
* Ca<sub>4</sub>Al<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>24</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meionite meionite] Mohs 5-6 (scapolite end member)
 +
* Cu<sub>2</sub>FeSnS<sub>4</sub> stannite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannite] (contains unabundant copper and tin) Mohs 4
 +
* CuFeS<sub>2</sub> calcopyrite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcopyrite] Mohs 3.5 (unabundant copper | metallic gold)
 +
* CuFe<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubanite cubanite] Mohs 3.5-4 orthorhombic
 +
* Fe<sub>9</sub>Ni<sub>9</sub>S<sub>16</sub> pentlandite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentlandite] (Mohs 3.5-4 cubic)
 +
-----
 +
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site Bastnäsite] – (La, Ce, Y)CO<sub>3</sub>F – rare earth fluorine containing carbonate – hexagonal – Mohs 4-5
 +
 +
'''MAX phases''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAX_phases] … layered, hexagonal carbides and nitrites exhibiting both metallic and ceramic characteristics.<br>
 +
The max phases made form the mosts abundant elements are the ones with titanium as M and rock forming elements (Si or Al) as A:<br>
 +
211: Ti<sub>2</sub>AlC, Ti<sub>2</sub>AlN, Ti<sub>2</sub>SC<br>
 +
312: Ti<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub>, Ti<sub>3</sub>SiC<sub>2</sub><br>
 +
413: Ti<sub>4</sub>AlN<sub>3</sub>, Ti<sub>4</sub>SiC<sub>3</sub><br>
 +
Some MAX phases with rare but not extremely rare elements:<br>
 +
211 M = Ti: Ti<sub>2</sub>PbC, Ti<sub>2</sub>SnC, Ti<sub>2</sub>ZnC, Ti<sub>2</sub>ZnN<br>
 +
211 M = Zr: Zr<sub>2</sub>AlC, Zr<sub>2</sub>SC, Zr<sub>2</sub>PbC, Zr<sub>2</sub>SnC<br>
 +
211 M = Cr: Cr<sub>2</sub>AlC<br>
 +
211 M = V: V<sub>2</sub>AlC, V<sub>2</sub>PC, V<sub>2</sub>ZnC<br>
 +
211 M = Nb: Nb<sub>2</sub>AlC, Nb<sub>2</sub>SC, Nb<sub>2</sub>PC, Nb<sub>2</sub>SnC, Nb<sub>2</sub>CuC<br>
 +
211 A = Al: Zr<sub>2</sub>AlC, Cr<sub>2</sub>AlC, V<sub>2</sub>AlC, Nb<sub>2</sub>AlC<br>
 +
211 A = Cu: Nb<sub>2</sub>CuC<br>
 +
211 A = Pb: Ti<sub>2</sub>PbC, Zr<sub>2</sub>PbC<br>
 +
211 A = Sn: Ti<sub>2</sub>SnC, Zr<sub>2</sub>SnC, Nb<sub>2</sub>SnC<br>
 +
211 A = Zn: Ti<sub>2</sub>ZnC, Ti<sub>2</sub>ZnN, V<sub>2</sub>ZnC<br>
 +
211 A = S: Zr<sub>2</sub>SC, Nb<sub>2</sub>SC<br>
 +
211 A = P: V<sub>2</sub>PC, Nb<sub>2</sub>PC<br>
 +
312: Ti<sub>3</sub>SnC<sub>2</sub>, Ti<sub>3</sub>ZnC<sub>2</sub>, Zr<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>3</sub>AlC<sub>2</sub><br>
 +
413: V<sub>4</sub>AlC<sub>3</sub>, Nb<sub>4</sub>AlC<sub>3</sub><br>
 +
MAX phases with highly rare elements like (Sc,Mo,Hf,Ta; Cd,Ga,In,Tl,Hf,Ge,As) have been excluded from the listing here.
 +
 +
== Aluminium silicates ==
 +
 +
* Hydrody [[Topaz]] Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>
 +
 +
There are many aluminium silicate minerals [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_silicate] like:
 +
* Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> Andalusite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusite] & Sillimanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sillimanite] (Mohs 6.5-7)
 +
* Al<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>13</sub> Mullite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullite] (Mohs 6-7)
 +
* Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> Kyanite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanite] (Mohs 4.5-7 anisotropic)
 +
 +
== Related ==
 +
 +
* '''[[Base materials with high potential]]'''
 +
* '''[[Simple crystal structures of especial interest]]'''
 +
----
 +
* [[Binary diamondoid compound]]
 +
* [[Diamondoid compound]]
 +
* [[Salts of oxoacids]]

Latest revision as of 11:47, 30 August 2022

This page is about:

The focus of this page is on ternary materials. That is materials made out of three elements.
Three is still a small number and may make for simpler crystal structures.

  • A part of the materials here are the the salts of oxoacids that add just one type of metal.
  • A part of the materials here are rock forming minerals.

Metastable materials

Note that with mechanosynthesis it is possible to control solid solutions series in a novel non-statistical manner.

With creation of materials by melting and recrystallisation (that is the "normal" thermodynamic means of today) atoms that are chemically similar often can and will not form regular patterns on cooling and solidifying but remain in a mixed chaotic state.

When materials are created via mechanosynthesis (which does not involve heating the material) then the atoms can be deliberately placed in (within bounds) arbitrary non random checkerboard-patterns on any scales. And the atoms will stay there (at their entropically unstable position) as long as the material is not heated so much that notable diffusion sets in. Room temperature and quite way above can be ok for. It all depends on the particular design in question.

See "pseudo phase diagrams" and "neo-polymorphs" for more information.

most common metal rich core mantle transition zone minerals

In the earths mantle and crust silicon and oxygen are the most abundant elements. On the borther to earths outer core this changes to iron and nickle. Down there the most abundant minearls are made from mixture of those elements. As a sidenote: In nature when iron rich metal is available in stochiometric excess heterogenous pallasite is formed. This rock looks really beautiful and can be found in some meteroids - recommendation to check it out.

Mixing series of olivine (wikipedia) / peridot (wikipedia) - (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 With high pressure modifications:

Of interest as diamondoid materials may be the pure end members of the mixing series:

  • Fayalite Fe2SiO4 – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6.5-7.0
  • Forsterite Mg2SiO4 – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 7
  • Tephroite Mn2SiO4 (less interesting since Mn is more scarce) – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 6
  • Titanium Silicate TiSiO4 [1] (broken)

Related minerals:

  • Ca(Mg,Fe)SiO4 - wikipedia: magnesium and iron monticellite – orthorhombic dipyramidal – Mohs 5.5
  • CaTiSiO5 - wikipedia: Titanite or Sphene (optical dispersion exceeding diamond; birefringent) – monoclinic – Mohs 5.0-5.5
  • Mn3Al2(SiO4)3 - wikipedia: spessartine - (with rather rare Manganese) – cubic – Mohs 6.5-7.0
  • FeTiO3 - wikipedia: Ilmenite – trigonal rhombohedral – Mohs 5-6

The following aluminosilicates are susceptible to heat (200°C)

The spinell group (wikipedia)

These oxide minerals are devoid of the ubiquitously present silicon.

aluminum spinells

  • MgAl2O4 - wikipedia: spinel - Mohs 7.5 to 8.0
  • FeAl2O4 - wikipedia: hercynite - Mohs 7.5
  • (Mg,Fe)Al2O4 - wikipedia: caylonite - mixing series inbetween the former two - Mohs 7.5 to 8.0
  • ZnAl2O4 - wikipedia: gahnite - Mohs 7.5 to 8.0
  • BeAl2O4 - wikipedia: crysoberyll - Mos 8.5
  • MnAl2O4 - wikipedia: galaxite - (with rather rare manganese) - image - Mohs 7.5

iron spinells

  • MgFe2O4 - wikipedia: magnesioferrite - Mohs 6.0 to 6.5
  • TiFe2O4 - wikipedia: ulvöspinel - Mohs 5.5 to 6.0
  • ZnFe2O4 - wikipedia: franklinite - Mohs 5.5 to 6.0
  • NiFe2O4 - wikipedia: trevorite - Mohs 5.0
  • MnFe2O4 - wikipedia: jacobsite - (with rather rare manganese) - Mohs 5.5 to 6.0

related compound:

  • ZnFe3O4 - wikipedia: zinc ferrite - synthetic zinc ferrites

Pseudobrookite group - common in titanium rich lunar soil

From wikipedia page Armacolite: "End members are armalcolite ((Mg,Fe)Ti2O5), pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5), ferropseudobrookite (FeTi2O5) and karrooite (MgTiO5). They are isostructural and all have orthorhombic crystal structure and occur in lunar and terrestrial rocks."

Related compounds:

Alkali and earth alkali compounds

They tend to be rather soluble in binary compounds (you won't find many there) in ternary and higher compounds they tend to form less water soluble minerals. See: compounds with s-block metals

Other

  • Various silicates [2]

Another interesting tertiary material falling in this scheme would be CSiO 4
a solid intermediate material between CO2(gas) SiO2(solid quartz): [3] (A prototypical pseudo phase diagram.)

  • AlPO4 berlinite Wikipedia:Berlinite Mohs 6.5 (similar to quartz)
  • MnCO3 rhodochrosite [4] Mohs 3.5-4
  • MnSiO3 rhodonite [5] Mohs 5.5-6.5
  • Na4Al3Si9O24Cl marialite Mohs 5.5-6 (scapolite end member)
  • Ca4Al6Si6O24CO3 meionite Mohs 5-6 (scapolite end member)
  • Cu2FeSnS4 stannite [6] (contains unabundant copper and tin) Mohs 4
  • CuFeS2 calcopyrite [7] Mohs 3.5 (unabundant copper | metallic gold)
  • CuFe2S3 cubanite Mohs 3.5-4 orthorhombic
  • Fe9Ni9S16 pentlandite [8] (Mohs 3.5-4 cubic)
  • Bastnäsite – (La, Ce, Y)CO3F – rare earth fluorine containing carbonate – hexagonal – Mohs 4-5

MAX phases [9] … layered, hexagonal carbides and nitrites exhibiting both metallic and ceramic characteristics.
The max phases made form the mosts abundant elements are the ones with titanium as M and rock forming elements (Si or Al) as A:
211: Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, Ti2SC
312: Ti3AlC2, Ti3SiC2
413: Ti4AlN3, Ti4SiC3
Some MAX phases with rare but not extremely rare elements:
211 M = Ti: Ti2PbC, Ti2SnC, Ti2ZnC, Ti2ZnN
211 M = Zr: Zr2AlC, Zr2SC, Zr2PbC, Zr2SnC
211 M = Cr: Cr2AlC
211 M = V: V2AlC, V2PC, V2ZnC
211 M = Nb: Nb2AlC, Nb2SC, Nb2PC, Nb2SnC, Nb2CuC
211 A = Al: Zr2AlC, Cr2AlC, V2AlC, Nb2AlC
211 A = Cu: Nb2CuC
211 A = Pb: Ti2PbC, Zr2PbC
211 A = Sn: Ti2SnC, Zr2SnC, Nb2SnC
211 A = Zn: Ti2ZnC, Ti2ZnN, V2ZnC
211 A = S: Zr2SC, Nb2SC
211 A = P: V2PC, Nb2PC
312: Ti3SnC2, Ti3ZnC2, Zr3AlC2, V3AlC2
413: V4AlC3, Nb4AlC3
MAX phases with highly rare elements like (Sc,Mo,Hf,Ta; Cd,Ga,In,Tl,Hf,Ge,As) have been excluded from the listing here.

Aluminium silicates

  • Hydrody Topaz Al2SiO4(OH)2

There are many aluminium silicate minerals [10] like:

  • Al2SiO5 Andalusite [11] & Sillimanite [12] (Mohs 6.5-7)
  • Al6Si2O13 Mullite [13] (Mohs 6-7)
  • Al2SiO5 Kyanite [14] (Mohs 4.5-7 anisotropic)

Related

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