Revision as of 03:55, 31 March 2017

This is an introduction to the character of robotic work in the nanocosm.
It should deliver some intuitive feeling of how things work down there.

Pluck yourself a Hair and look at it. Imagine a magnified model of the torn of end was built. Would be interesting – wouldn't it? This model was buried halfway such that it runs vertically into ground at the sidelines and that it reaches twenty-five meters of dome-height at the center of the play-field. When you stand on this soccer field in front of the fractured surface and you hold a real hair against tremendous model then you see: The model-atoms of the giant hair have the diameter of a real hair.

How big is an atom?

Atoms are quite small but they are not as ridiculously small as people usually say. If a hair (0.1mm) would be the width of a soccer field (~60m) an atom would be roughly the size of a hair. Carbon is about 0.2nm or 2Å in size that makes roughly five atoms per nanometer. When hierarchically building up building structures one can quickly fill up this size gap.

How does it feel when you grab two atoms and rub them against each other?

Force feedback devices like this one allow one to gain a very intimate understanding of how things behave at the scale of atoms.

First I should note that trying this out for real is actually possible for quite a while now (as unbelievable as it may sound). To feel atoms you grab the end of a robot (you shake hands with it). A tiny needle with a single atom at the tip is then made to move exactly like your hand just on a lot smaller scale. When the topmost atom on the needle tip starts to touch an atom on a surface the robot arm pushes back just as the surface pushes back on the needle albeit with a magnified force big enough for you to conveniently feel it. This is called force feedback (commonly known from car racing games).

Two analogies that might convey what it feels like best are:

• rubbing soft slippery fish or water soaked gummy bears against each other
• moving two magnets past each other in repulsive (but sometimes also attractive) configuration

Moving the robot arm in and outward you can check out softness and moving sideward you can check out slipperiness.

Slipperiness

Atoms are ridiculously slippery. Like the moon orbiting the earth there's basically no friction. If certain conditions are met this low friction can be retained for larger contact areas than just the single atom on the tip of our probing needle. One condition is that the atomic ripples on a touching pair of larger surfaces must not interlock like matching egg-crates. If this and a few other things are met there is extremely low friction. It is called the superlubrication phenomenon and it has enormous potential for technical usage in slide bearings of all kinds.

Softness

So how does it feel to break a single bond between two atoms? Since I can't let you pull on this robot arm over the web lets turn the robot arm facing downwards and tie an empty plastic bottle onto it in which we will later fill some water. We can also use a simple coil spring instead of the robot arm giving force feedback

For realism we can make the robot arm behave exactly as stiff as the bond between two atoms. Caution! Please do not mistake stiffness with force. Stiffness is how much the force grows per the length you pull. A bond between two atoms obviously has only a tiny force but this force builds up on a tiny distance. Thus while the robot arm needs to magnify both force and length the stiffness of the bond turns out to be in the right size such that the robot arm can simulate the it 1:1.

Now here's a quiz: Assuming you fill half a liter of water into the plastic bottle how much will the robot arm simulating the stiffness of a bond between two carbon atoms in diamond give (very roughly)
A:~1mm ☐ B:~1cm ☐ C:~1dm ☐

What happens when you let go of a building block?

Let's consider an somewhat unusual fall experiment. A small gripper let go of a building block. Simple? See if you answer right.

A fall experiment quiz to illustrate the quite unfamiliar mechanical behavior in the nanoscale.

Scaling laws

They describe what changes when one goes down the scale. E.g. that magnetic motors become weak but electrostatic ones strong. More details can be found at the scaling laws main page.

The feel of AP Products

AP products though robotic and gemstone like in the nanocosm are not necessarily cold hard and robot like to the human senses. Emulated elasticity can create any form imaginable with gradients from soft to hard. It isn't an easy to attain property but it is an highly desirable one and will emerge at some point.

Bonding energies - Tensile strengths - Stiffnesses

(TODO: Add the same info table as on VdW force page)
[Todo: Add table - make it visualizable for covalent bonds and VdW bonds]
[Todo: show surface area thats VdW ashesion is energetically equivalent to one covalent bond - related: Form locking]

• Connection method#Van der Waals locking
• Van der Waals force

Brownian motion in nanorobotics

• Envelope of throwing trajectories with same speed
• Throwing trajectories with various speed in same direction

Thermal motion at the nanoscale is pretty incredible. Small single molecules zip around at thermal speeds of a few hundred meters per second. That's about the speed of sound. When we scale up by our usual magnification factor of 500.000 to make model atoms (say water molecules) have the diameter of a human hair and when we keep the flow of time unchanged those hair sized molecules zip around with more than half the speed of light. It becomes very obvious that in an environment densely packed with other (water) molecules they meet a lot of these other molecules in a very short amount of time. With bigger more complex shaped molecules it's not that extreme but still very fast.

This is why puzzle piece shaped proteins molecules in biological systems can assemble themselves into their intended products. They just try all places in very very fast succession. Like in a brute force computer algorithm. This thermally driven assembly that is found in biology will probably be very useful for the path to advanced nanofactories but as it turns out in a advanced nanofactory (the far term goal) it is makes sense to actually constrain thermal vibrations and take care for transport oneself. Just like we learned to suppress thermally caused electrical noise in microchips and now use mostly digital electronics instead of analogous electronics. Assembly in an advanced nanofactory will resemble more of a factory assembly line far away from any similarity to biological systems. All the machinery will usually run much slower (about a factor of 1000) than those thermal motions.

Further

• Periodic table of elements
• acceleration limits
• jumping building blocks
• Why nanomechanics is barely mechanical quantummechanics
• Video Playlist: The Shape of Atoms and Bonds (By "Learn Hub")
• Distorted visualisation methods for convergent assembly