Difference between revisions of "Infinitesimal bearing"

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APM in T.Level III may enable us to create a '''new type of macroscopic bearings''' in the form of a passive [[metamaterial]].  
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{{site specific definition}}
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With the availability of [[technology level III|Advanced atomically precise technology (APM)]] it no longer makes sense to build conventional roller-bearings in which macroscopic speed differences meet at nanoscale contacts.
  
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[[File:Infinitesimal-bearing-sketch.png|speed distributions from conventional to infinitesimal bearing|frame|From classic to infinitesimal bearings. More layers reduce the relative speed differences. The result has lower friction and higher damage tolerance.]]
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Instead advanced APM technology allows to build a '''new type of macroscopic bearings''' that spreads macroscopic speed differences over many layers (a passive mechanical [[metamaterial]]) such that at nanoscale contacts only nanoscale-typical speed differences remain.
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Paired with the flawless gemstone surfaces of [[crystolecule|crystolecule gears]] those metamaterial bearings become [[for all practical purposes]] wear free.
  
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To reduce the relative speed of two surfaces one adds a great number of layers with minimal thickness (un-percievably small - thus "infinitesimal"). Just enough to accommodate some necessary nanomechanics. Those nanomechanics are [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMME]] gears (not bearings) and further structure that make sure that every layer takes the same part of the total speed difference. Note that a single layer can take well perceivable macroscopic speeds without being destroyed. Since there's no static friction and very low speed dependend dynamic friction in diamondoid nanomechanics '''[TODO add references]''' the bearings efficiency can be expected to be exceptional.
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[[File:Infinitesimal-bearing-screencap.png|thumb|400px|A small demo stack of building blocks for a relative speed distributing metamaterial.]]
  
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It is '''to investigate''' how a macroscopic infinitesimal bearing performs relative to nanoscopic [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMME]] bearing and how long an infinitesimal brearing of certain size would turn till it e.g. reaches half its initial speed.
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[[File:Infinitesimal-bearing-sketch.png|thumb|400px|speed distributions from conventional to infinitesimal bearing|frame|From classic to infinitesimal bearings. More layers reduce the relative speed differences. The result has lower friction and higher damage tolerance.]]
  
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As in all products of advanced nanosystems the nanomechanics must (through their structure) provide some redundancy making the design more complicated. '''[TODO add more detailed Model]'''  
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[[File:Three configurations of infinitesimal bearing metamaterial.gif|thumb|400px|right|Different configrations (end to end connections) of infinitesimal bearing metamaterial can produce different types of bearings]]
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== Details ==
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To reduce the relative speed of two surfaces one can stack many layers with minimal thickness onto each other. Each of those layers is imperceptibly small - thus the "infinitesimal" in the name. The layers are just thick enough to accommodate the necessary nano-mechanics. These nanomechanics are [[diamondoid molecular elements|crystolecule gears]] (not roller bearings) and further structure that makes sure that every layer takes the same part of the total speed difference. Note that due to [[superlubrication]] a single layer can take well perceivable macroscopic speeds without being destroyed thus bearings replacing today's macroscopic ones will need to use only a very thin stack of infinitesimal bearing layers (often the whole layer stack might be less than 32µm thick and thus as good as imperceptible by eye). Since there's no static friction and very low speed dependent dynamic friction in diamondoid nanomechanics (see [[superlubrication]]) the bearings efficiency can be expected to be exceptional.
 +
 
 +
It is still '''to investigate''' how a macroscopic infinitesimal bearing will perform relative to nanoscopic [[diamondoid molecular elements|DMME]] bearing and for a more intuitive feel for the performance how long an infinitesimal brearing of certain size would turn till it e.g. reaches half its initial speed.
 +
 
 +
As in all products of advanced nanosystems the nanomechanics must (through their structure) provide some redundancy to cope with [[radiation damage]].
 +
This makes the design of a bearing metamaterial more complicated <br>
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{{todo|Add a more detailed Model}}
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{{todo|Design and testprint a macroscopic model structure for demonstration.}}
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== Cheating on a scaling law ==
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When the total speed difference that the bearing is supporting is kept constant the '''power dissipation per volume''' scales with size:
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* '''linearly''' with mono-layer sleeve bearings (note that here the whole power dissipation is concentrated on a single layer in the considered volume)
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* '''quadratic''' with infinitesimal bearings
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{{wikitodo|Add the math in detail.}}
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=== Scaling only one dimension (bearing thickness) ===
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 +
Doubling the number of layers
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* halves the speed which quaters the dynamic friction (P ~ v<sup>2</sup>) (v->v/2 => P->P/4)
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* doubles the surface area  which doubles friction (P ~ A) (A->2A => P-> 2P)
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* thus in combination it halves friction (v->v/2 && A->2A => P->P/2)
  
 
== Related AP metamaterials ==
 
== Related AP metamaterials ==
  
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Adding [[chemomechanical converters|chemomechanical]] or [[electromechanical converters|electromechanical]] motors into the layers changes it into an [[interfacial drive]] (an ''active'' [[metamaterial]]). There the addup of layer movement acts as one of the methods to accumulate nano motion to macroscopic levels ([[mechanical macroscopification]]).
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Adding [[chemomechanical converters|chemomechanical]] or [[electromechanical converters|electromechanical]] motors into the layers changes it into an [[interfacial drive]] (an ''active'' [[metamaterial]]). There the add-up of layer movement acts as one of the methods to accumulate nano motion to macroscopic levels ([[Convergent mechanical actuation]]).
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== Misc ==
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 +
Infinitesimal bearings enforce a fixes speed relationship between layers.
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Thus they can can be used for mechanical advantage (a transmission).
 +
 
 +
Depending on the deformation and closing topology of the bearing layers with nanoscale thickness various kinds of bearings can be made:
 +
* normal radial  bearings
 +
* axial thrust bearings
 +
* conical bearings
 +
* linear prismatic sliding bearings
 +
* heavily deformed bearings (gemstone nano-layers are highly flexible)
 +
* ...
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== Related ==
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* [[Scaling law]]s
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* [[Superlube tube]]s
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----
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[[Atomically precise bearings]]:
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* [[Atomically precise slide bearing]]s
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* [[Atomically precise roller gearbearing]]s
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----
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* '''[[Friction in gem-gum technology]]'''
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== Alternate names ==
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* infinitesimal bearing
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* stratified shear bearing
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* stratified shearing bearing
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* stratified shear-roll bearing
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* multi layer speed gradient bearing
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== External links ==
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* Youtube Videos:<br>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWxARpHUVrg&index=2&list=TLJvzP6Q2uhwUwMTA4MjAxNg A model of a mechanism that demonstrates the basic principle and the fact that it can be "mis"used as a mechanical transmission] <br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGxCs2ka7HQ It works with chains too]
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[[Category:Technology level III]]

Latest revision as of 09:50, 28 July 2023

This article defines a novel term (that is hopefully sensibly chosen). The term is introduced to make a concept more concrete and understand its interrelationship with other topics related to atomically precise manufacturing. For details go to the page: Neologism.

With the availability of Advanced atomically precise technology (APM) it no longer makes sense to build conventional roller-bearings in which macroscopic speed differences meet at nanoscale contacts.

Instead advanced APM technology allows to build a new type of macroscopic bearings that spreads macroscopic speed differences over many layers (a passive mechanical metamaterial) such that at nanoscale contacts only nanoscale-typical speed differences remain. Paired with the flawless gemstone surfaces of crystolecule gears those metamaterial bearings become for all practical purposes wear free.

A small demo stack of building blocks for a relative speed distributing metamaterial.
From classic to infinitesimal bearings. More layers reduce the relative speed differences. The result has lower friction and higher damage tolerance.
Different configrations (end to end connections) of infinitesimal bearing metamaterial can produce different types of bearings

Details

To reduce the relative speed of two surfaces one can stack many layers with minimal thickness onto each other. Each of those layers is imperceptibly small - thus the "infinitesimal" in the name. The layers are just thick enough to accommodate the necessary nano-mechanics. These nanomechanics are crystolecule gears (not roller bearings) and further structure that makes sure that every layer takes the same part of the total speed difference. Note that due to superlubrication a single layer can take well perceivable macroscopic speeds without being destroyed thus bearings replacing today's macroscopic ones will need to use only a very thin stack of infinitesimal bearing layers (often the whole layer stack might be less than 32µm thick and thus as good as imperceptible by eye). Since there's no static friction and very low speed dependent dynamic friction in diamondoid nanomechanics (see superlubrication) the bearings efficiency can be expected to be exceptional.

It is still to investigate how a macroscopic infinitesimal bearing will perform relative to nanoscopic DMME bearing and for a more intuitive feel for the performance how long an infinitesimal brearing of certain size would turn till it e.g. reaches half its initial speed.

As in all products of advanced nanosystems the nanomechanics must (through their structure) provide some redundancy to cope with radiation damage. This makes the design of a bearing metamaterial more complicated
(TODO: Add a more detailed Model)

(TODO: Design and testprint a macroscopic model structure for demonstration.)

Cheating on a scaling law

When the total speed difference that the bearing is supporting is kept constant the power dissipation per volume scales with size:

  • linearly with mono-layer sleeve bearings (note that here the whole power dissipation is concentrated on a single layer in the considered volume)
  • quadratic with infinitesimal bearings

(wiki-TODO: Add the math in detail.)

Scaling only one dimension (bearing thickness)

Doubling the number of layers

  • halves the speed which quaters the dynamic friction (P ~ v2) (v->v/2 => P->P/4)
  • doubles the surface area which doubles friction (P ~ A) (A->2A => P-> 2P)
  • thus in combination it halves friction (v->v/2 && A->2A => P->P/2)

Related AP metamaterials

Adding chemomechanical or electromechanical motors into the layers changes it into an interfacial drive (an active metamaterial). There the add-up of layer movement acts as one of the methods to accumulate nano motion to macroscopic levels (Convergent mechanical actuation).

Misc

Infinitesimal bearings enforce a fixes speed relationship between layers. Thus they can can be used for mechanical advantage (a transmission).

Depending on the deformation and closing topology of the bearing layers with nanoscale thickness various kinds of bearings can be made:

  • normal radial bearings
  • axial thrust bearings
  • conical bearings
  • linear prismatic sliding bearings
  • heavily deformed bearings (gemstone nano-layers are highly flexible)
  • ...

Related

Atomically precise bearings:

Alternate names

  • infinitesimal bearing
  • stratified shear bearing
  • stratified shearing bearing
  • stratified shear-roll bearing
  • multi layer speed gradient bearing

External links

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