Difference between revisions of "Color emulation"

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There are several ways to make a material have color.
 
There are several ways to make a material have color.
  
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In simple molecules like dinitrogen (air) very high photo energies are needed to excite an electron (hard UV?).
 
In simple molecules like dinitrogen (air) very high photo energies are needed to excite an electron (hard UV?).
 
The problem is that the excited electron was responsible for the bond between the two atoms so the molecule falls apart.
 
The problem is that the excited electron was responsible for the bond between the two atoms so the molecule falls apart.
 +
[''Todo:'' check out dinitrogen LUMO [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionized-air_glow] there seems to be "stable" N<sub>2</sub>*]
  
 
Creating chains of double-bonded carbon atoms creates a big shared space for the participating electrons.
 
Creating chains of double-bonded carbon atoms creates a big shared space for the participating electrons.
 
Since they now have more spacial freedom according to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle heisenbergs uncertainty principle] their impulse can be smaller.
 
Since they now have more spacial freedom according to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle heisenbergs uncertainty principle] their impulse can be smaller.
 
This has the nice effect that you gain some energy levels that are higher than the unexcited "sea level" of molecule orbital electrons[1] but are still low enough such that the electrons still fulfill their responsibility of holding the molecule together.
 
This has the nice effect that you gain some energy levels that are higher than the unexcited "sea level" of molecule orbital electrons[1] but are still low enough such that the electrons still fulfill their responsibility of holding the molecule together.
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The shape of the molecules may change though sometimes.
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The shape of the molecules may change though sometimes ([[Optomechanical conversion]]). <br>
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Linear chain like molecules may be hard to [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosythesize]] due to their lack of stiffness (or not).
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Side-note: Linear chain like molecules may be hard to [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosythesize]] due to their lack of stiffness (or not).
  
 
Visible light with its low energy can be absorbed by lifting electrons into these intermediate energy levels. The remaining light appears in a certain color.
 
Visible light with its low energy can be absorbed by lifting electrons into these intermediate energy levels. The remaining light appears in a certain color.
  
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'''The trouble with blue:'''<br>
 
At the short blue wavelengths such chains become so short that the discreteness of the number of bond becomes problematic.
 
At the short blue wavelengths such chains become so short that the discreteness of the number of bond becomes problematic.
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Metal complexes where the photons either lift an electron to the from the complexed metal atom to the chaltrate ring or vice versa can do that.
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Metal complexes where the photons either lift an electron from the complexed metal atom to the chaltrate ring or vice versa can do that.
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They may contain somewhat scarce elements like copper though.
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They may contain mildly scarce elements like copper though.
 
If it turns out it's impossible to arrange abundant atoms (possible unnaturally highly strained) such that they absorb short wavelength there are still other methods to make something look blue.
 
If it turns out it's impossible to arrange abundant atoms (possible unnaturally highly strained) such that they absorb short wavelength there are still other methods to make something look blue.
  
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[note 1] also known as HOMO - for highest occupied molecular orbital) meaning that
 
[note 1] also known as HOMO - for highest occupied molecular orbital) meaning that
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== Force tuned F-centers ==
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They can be created by F-centers (as the case in [[gemstones]]) <br>
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Colors can be tuned away from the natural wavelength by applying [[high pressure]]s (including negative ones). <br>
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This is emulated unnatural color due to that unnatural tuning by applied force. <br>
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Necessary details can be determined by [[Ligand field theory]].
 +
 +
This works both ...
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* for statically de-tuned constant color (See: [[Organometallic gemstone-like compound]], [[Kaehler bracket]]s)
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* dynamically de-tuned adjustable color
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This works both ...
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* for passive absorptive color and
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* for active emissive color (See: [[Mechanooptical conversion]])
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More details on page: [[Gem-gum display technology]]
  
 
== Bigger scale origins of color ==
 
== Bigger scale origins of color ==
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* like the ones butterflies use or simpler ones like ...
 
* like the ones butterflies use or simpler ones like ...
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* Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_coloration Structural coloration] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence Iridescsnce] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating Diffraction gratings] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal photonic crystals]
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* Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_coloration Structural coloration] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence Iridescsnce] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction_grating Diffraction gratings] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_crystal Photonic crystals]
 
* Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display Interferometric modulator display]
 
* Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferometric_modulator_display Interferometric modulator display]
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=== Color from plasmonic surface effects ===
 
=== Color from plasmonic surface effects ===
  
 
[''Todo:'' check inhowfar quantum dots are related]
 
[''Todo:'' check inhowfar quantum dots are related]
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== Metallic reflectiveness ==
 +
 +
Metallic reflectiveness is not exactly a color but if certain wavelengths are absorbed the reflected light can take on some color like present with copper and gold. <br>
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The used materials need to have [[electrically conductive diamondoid compounds|metallic conductivity]].
 +
See wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_oscillation plasma frequency]
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'''Present in:'''
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* All [[pure metals and metal alloys]] (obviously) but these may often not be suitable for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] due to surface diffusion at room temperature and limits on [[surface passivation|passivatability]].
 +
* Semiconductors like pure [[silicon]] (Si)
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* Many sulfides including pyrite (FeS)
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* Some artificial titanium gemstones like e.g. titanium nitride (TiN) but  also TiC, TiO, TiP, ...
 +
* monoxides of the transition metal elements not too far on the right side of the periodic table: <br>manganosite (MnO), wüstite (FeO), bunsenite (NiO)
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== Toxicity / environmental impact ==
 +
 +
'''Structural color:'''<br>
 +
As long as not splintered it should be rather unproblematic. <br>
 +
And if its made from more water soluble mundane material (like e.g. periclase MgO) <br>
 +
then even ingested splinters may not be all that problematic.
 +
 +
'''Color from vacancies:'''<br>
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Not any more problematic than the chosen base gemstone.
 +
 +
'''Color from metal ions:'''<br>
 +
Often it's just low doping concentrations. <br>
 +
And it's solidly encased in the (usually not water soluble) surrounding gemstone. <br>
 +
so even with more toxic metals it should not be all that much problematic. <br>
 +
We know that from glazed ceramics where even [[uranium]] is reasonably safe.
 +
 +
'''Color from organic aromatic compounds:'''<br>
 +
These are often persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with more or less toxicity. <br>
 +
These are probably the most problematic ones, if not properly encased. <br>
 +
Should be often replaceable with the other options. <br>
 +
[[mechanosynthesis|Mechanosynthesizung]] standalone molecules might be a bit challenging requiring specialized tools.
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== Related ==
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* '''[[Optical effects]]''' [[Ligand field theory]]
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* [[Metamaterial]]s
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* The [[non mechanical technology path]]
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See "[[organometallic gemstone-like compound]]" for an idea how to tune gemstone color via mechanical forces. <br>
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Possibly even dynamically making a [[passive color gemstone display]].
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
  
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=== Wikipedia ===
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_coloration Structural_coloration]
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* Diamond  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_laser raman lasers].
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency Transparency and translucency] (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity)
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanabe%E2%80%93Sugano_diagram Tanabe Sugano Diagrams - diagrams to determine the color of crystals (leave to wikipedia)]
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescence Luminescence] => [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoluminescence Photoluminescence] => [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence Fluorescence] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence Phosphorescence]
 
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescence Luminescence] => [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoluminescence Photoluminescence] => [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence Fluorescence] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence Phosphorescence]
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_display quantum dot display]. Even at room temperature quantum effects of electrons often work on a scale significantly above the single atom level thus atomically precise manufacturing is not needed (but usable) to make light emitting quantum dots. These are already  in displays today (state 2016-12). {{todo|check rare element usage avoidability}}
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----
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* Also there is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermochromism thermochromism], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photochromism photochromism], and several more exotic ones: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chromism Category:Chromism]
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[[Category:Site specific definitions]]

Latest revision as of 12:05, 26 August 2022

This article defines a novel term (that is hopefully sensibly chosen). The term is introduced to make a concept more concrete and understand its interrelationship with other topics related to atomically precise manufacturing. For details go to the page: Neologism.

There are several ways to make a material have color.

Local origins of color

The electons in molecules are layered over one another since they are fermions and thus obey paulis exclusion principle. Light can only be absorbed when at least the energy to the next higher allowed energy level is reached (and some further restrictions are obeyed). In simple molecules like dinitrogen (air) very high photo energies are needed to excite an electron (hard UV?). The problem is that the excited electron was responsible for the bond between the two atoms so the molecule falls apart. [Todo: check out dinitrogen LUMO [1] there seems to be "stable" N2*]

Creating chains of double-bonded carbon atoms creates a big shared space for the participating electrons. Since they now have more spacial freedom according to heisenbergs uncertainty principle their impulse can be smaller. This has the nice effect that you gain some energy levels that are higher than the unexcited "sea level" of molecule orbital electrons[1] but are still low enough such that the electrons still fulfill their responsibility of holding the molecule together. The shape of the molecules may change though sometimes (Optomechanical conversion).
Side-note: Linear chain like molecules may be hard to mechanosythesize due to their lack of stiffness (or not).

Visible light with its low energy can be absorbed by lifting electrons into these intermediate energy levels. The remaining light appears in a certain color.

The trouble with blue:
At the short blue wavelengths such chains become so short that the discreteness of the number of bond becomes problematic. Metal complexes where the photons either lift an electron from the complexed metal atom to the chaltrate ring or vice versa can do that. They may contain mildly scarce elements like copper though. If it turns out it's impossible to arrange abundant atoms (possible unnaturally highly strained) such that they absorb short wavelength there are still other methods to make something look blue.

  • Pigments: [2]; [3]
  • Color centers: [4]
  • related is fluorescence and phosphorescence

[note 1] also known as HOMO - for highest occupied molecular orbital) meaning that

Force tuned F-centers

They can be created by F-centers (as the case in gemstones)
Colors can be tuned away from the natural wavelength by applying high pressures (including negative ones).
This is emulated unnatural color due to that unnatural tuning by applied force.
Necessary details can be determined by Ligand field theory.

This works both ...

This works both ...

More details on page: Gem-gum display technology

Bigger scale origins of color

Color form wave interference

Color from plasmonic surface effects

[Todo: check inhowfar quantum dots are related]

Metallic reflectiveness

Metallic reflectiveness is not exactly a color but if certain wavelengths are absorbed the reflected light can take on some color like present with copper and gold.
The used materials need to have metallic conductivity. See wikipedia: plasma frequency

Present in:

  • All pure metals and metal alloys (obviously) but these may often not be suitable for gemstone metamaterial technology due to surface diffusion at room temperature and limits on passivatability.
  • Semiconductors like pure silicon (Si)
  • Many sulfides including pyrite (FeS)
  • Some artificial titanium gemstones like e.g. titanium nitride (TiN) but also TiC, TiO, TiP, ...
  • monoxides of the transition metal elements not too far on the right side of the periodic table:
    manganosite (MnO), wüstite (FeO), bunsenite (NiO)

Toxicity / environmental impact

Structural color:
As long as not splintered it should be rather unproblematic.
And if its made from more water soluble mundane material (like e.g. periclase MgO)
then even ingested splinters may not be all that problematic.

Color from vacancies:
Not any more problematic than the chosen base gemstone.

Color from metal ions:
Often it's just low doping concentrations.
And it's solidly encased in the (usually not water soluble) surrounding gemstone.
so even with more toxic metals it should not be all that much problematic.
We know that from glazed ceramics where even uranium is reasonably safe.

Color from organic aromatic compounds:
These are often persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with more or less toxicity.
These are probably the most problematic ones, if not properly encased.
Should be often replaceable with the other options.
Mechanosynthesizung standalone molecules might be a bit challenging requiring specialized tools.

Related

See "organometallic gemstone-like compound" for an idea how to tune gemstone color via mechanical forces.
Possibly even dynamically making a passive color gemstone display.

External links

Wikipedia

  • quantum dot display. Even at room temperature quantum effects of electrons often work on a scale significantly above the single atom level thus atomically precise manufacturing is not needed (but usable) to make light emitting quantum dots. These are already in displays today (state 2016-12). (TODO: check rare element usage avoidability)
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