Claytronics

Supercategory: Mobile robotic device
Supercategory: Cellular shape shifting tangible systems

Claytronic is a concept presented by the Carnegie Mellon University.
For now please check the wikipedia page [1] for a basic introduction.

From the developers introduction page

"Development ... represents a partnership between the School of Computer Sciences of Carnegie Mellon University, Intel Corporation at its Pittsburgh Laboratory and FEMTO-ST Institute."

Development attempts via current day (2017) non atomically precise technology

Unlike with the more difficult utility fog there has been and is ongoing active development.

Comparison to utility fog

The claytronics concept strongly overlaps with the concept of utility fog.
One main difference seem to be the choice for keeping complexity low and thus avoiding complicated linkage-arms. The "material" (when in some kind of malleable mode) would likely behave more like an incompressible fluid. This has pros and cons:

• Unlike in the case of utility fog this design choice does not allow for emulated elasticity. (At least it seems very difficult.)
• Big changes in volume and density can still be emulated by one or many hidden voids that grow or shrink depending on the situation (letting air in or dragging up a vacuum?).
• When few voids are present the "material" then it likely could resist higher mechanical compression loads than utility fog.

For movement of the claytronic units (they have been dubbed "catoms" like the "foglets" in case of utility fog) a rolling approach seems to be preferred. The current macroscale prototypes use electromagnets. As scaling laws enforce at the microscale an electrostatic approach might become preferable.

If the lack of hard interlocking interfaces remain in a future atomically precise microscale design that is if it is still held together just through magneto- or electrostatic interaction the "materials" tensile strength may lie way below the one of the base material (possibly below the tensile strength of some utility fogs). This may raise increased concerns of rub-off and spill (the same problem as with microcomponents that are just held together by Van der Walls forces. -- See: mobility prevention guideline

Claytronics seems to be located more on the "sliding/rolling cube" end of the spectrum of Robotic mobility. The units are not permanently rotation-joint connected in a chain though like some reconfigurable shape robots are. That is a different concept.

The concept of a fractal hierarchy of increasingly sized computers suspended in the "material" known from utility forg is not noted by the developers but it could be added.

Relation to functional programming / reversible computing / immutability

Unlike information/bits physical objects like "catoms" cannot just be overwritten and vanish into intangible heat. In a sense they are like immutable data-structures. Once created one only can shift them around. (This is generally true for crystolecules and microcomponents.)

Interestingly the developers found the need to develop domain specific languages that shun imperative programming. One of these languages is called "Meld". It's A declarative logic programming language. Logic programming is relational and is a superset of pure functional programming which is functional (as the name says) which in turn relies on immutability.

Misc

As is the case with utility fog specialized mechanical metamaterials can have much higher performance.

External links

• Claytronics project page
• Wikipedia: Claytronics