Difference between revisions of "Rutile"
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| + | [[File:1920px-Rutile single Crystal.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Artificial single crystal of rutile (one of the [[polymorph]]s of Titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>). This piece is 25mm in diameter and 4mm thick. It was grown by the current-day-available technology called "[[verneuil method]]".]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Overall rutile is good base material for [[gemstone metamaterial technology]] for [[large scale construction]].''' | ||
Rutile is a polymorph of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) <br> | Rutile is a polymorph of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) <br> | ||
It may be of peculiar interest because: | It may be of peculiar interest because: | ||
* it contains the element [[titanium]] (Ti) whitch is one of the more abundant elements in earth crust. | * it contains the element [[titanium]] (Ti) whitch is one of the more abundant elements in earth crust. | ||
| − | * it has a reasonably high hardness ( | + | * it has a reasonably high hardness (Mohs 6.0 to 6.5) |
* it features a reasonably simple (tetragonal) crystal lattice (in fact it's the defining minearal for the rutile structure) | * it features a reasonably simple (tetragonal) crystal lattice (in fact it's the defining minearal for the rutile structure) | ||
* with the rutile structure it features the exact same structure as [[stishovite]] (a peculiarly interesting SiO<sub>2</sub> polymorph) but given it occurs naturally in high quantities (unlike [[stishovite]]) it likely has a higher thermodynamic stability. That is: it's less prone to diffusion into a more stable polymorph at higher temperatures. | * with the rutile structure it features the exact same structure as [[stishovite]] (a peculiarly interesting SiO<sub>2</sub> polymorph) but given it occurs naturally in high quantities (unlike [[stishovite]]) it likely has a higher thermodynamic stability. That is: it's less prone to diffusion into a more stable polymorph at higher temperatures. | ||
| Line 9: | Line 12: | ||
Given both rutile and stishovite feature the same crystal structure it may be possible to [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesize]] checkerboard [[neo-polymorph]]ic transitions by replacing some Ti with with Si in a regular pattern. | Given both rutile and stishovite feature the same crystal structure it may be possible to [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesize]] checkerboard [[neo-polymorph]]ic transitions by replacing some Ti with with Si in a regular pattern. | ||
| − | == | + | == Polymorphs of (TiO<sub>2</sub>) == |
| − | + | '''[[rutile]]''' (Mohs 6.0 to 6.5) | |
| + | |||
| + | '''[[anatase]]''' (Mohs 5.5 to 6.0). <br> | ||
It also has a simple tetragonal crystal lattice but different from the rutile structure | It also has a simple tetragonal crystal lattice but different from the rutile structure | ||
| − | in that the unit cell is a bit bigger. | + | in that the unit cell is a bit bigger (and sparser?). |
| − | + | '''[[brookite]]''' (Mohs 5.5 to 6.0). <br> | |
It also has a bigger unit cell than rutile and has the lower orthorombic crystal structure symmetry | It also has a bigger unit cell than rutile and has the lower orthorombic crystal structure symmetry | ||
| − | which may make it a bit less interesting as a potential base material. | + | which perhaps may make it a bit less interesting as a potential base material. |
| + | |||
| + | '''[[tistarite]]''' ('''Mohs 8.5'''). <br> | ||
| + | Trigonal crystal structure. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | |||
| + | High pressure modification of TiO<sub>2</sub> – same structure as ZrO<sub>2</sub> Baddeleyite <small>(monoclinic Baddeleyte becomes "cubic zirconia" with some other metals added)</small>: <br> | ||
| + | '''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaogiite akaogiite]''' [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?lang=en&language=english&mineral=Akaogiite (mineralienatlas)] | ||
| + | |||
| + | High pressure modification isostructural to α-PbO<sub>2</sub> (scrutinyite structure) ans isostructural to seifertite – orthorhombic dipyramidal <br> | ||
| + | '''srilankite''' [https://www.mineralienatlas.de/lexikon/index.php/MineralData?mineral=Srilankite (mineralienatlas)] | ||
== Misc == | == Misc == | ||
| − | |||
* All (TiO<sub>2</sub>) polymorphs have a high refractive index | * All (TiO<sub>2</sub>) polymorphs have a high refractive index | ||
Potential elements for controlled [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic]] substitution for doping or the creation of [[neo-polymorphs]] include: <br> | Potential elements for controlled [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthetic]] substitution for doping or the creation of [[neo-polymorphs]] include: <br> | ||
| + | |||
* iron Fe (extremely common) – a common natural impurity of rutile | * iron Fe (extremely common) – a common natural impurity of rutile | ||
* niobium Nb (less common) – a common natural impurity of rutile | * niobium Nb (less common) – a common natural impurity of rutile | ||
* tantalum Ta (extremely rare) – a common natural impurity of rutile | * tantalum Ta (extremely rare) – a common natural impurity of rutile | ||
* possibly silicon Si – since it forms an oxide with exactly the same crystal structure as rutile ([[stishovite]]) | * possibly silicon Si – since it forms an oxide with exactly the same crystal structure as rutile ([[stishovite]]) | ||
| + | |||
| + | Elements that also shares the rutile structure: <br> | ||
| + | * the [[germanium]] dioxide mineral argutite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argutite (wikipedia)] (germanium is one of the more rare elements though) | ||
| + | * the [[tin]] dioxide minearl cassiereite [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassiterite (wikipedia)] (tin is a bit more common than germanium) | ||
* ... | * ... | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Interplanetary applications (Moon) == | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Titanium]] is supposedly especially abundant on the moon. <br> | ||
| + | So future [[gem-gum products]] on the moon may feature a lot of rutile, anatase, brookite, (or other titanium based gemstones) for structural parts. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Related == | ||
| + | |||
| + | The emenets in the [[Silicon]] group like to kake on rutile structure too. <br> | ||
| + | A lot of [[neo-polymorph]]s may become possible by swapping out some of the titan for other compatible elements. | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[Rutile structure]] | ||
| + | * [[Stishovite]] – rutile isostructural polymorph of quartz SiO<sub>2</sub> with Mohs 8.5 to 9.5 – eventually good for making transition [[neo-polymorph]]s. See: [[Mechadensite]]. | ||
== External links == | == External links == | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Wikipedia:''' | ||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile (tetragonal | mohs 5.0 to 6.5 | 4.23 g/ccm) | * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile (tetragonal | mohs 5.0 to 6.5 | 4.23 g/ccm) | ||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatase (tetragonal | mohs 5.5 to 6.0 | 3.79 – 3.97 g/ccm) | * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatase (tetragonal | mohs 5.5 to 6.0 | 3.79 – 3.97 g/ccm) | ||
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookite (orthorhombic | mohs 5.5 to 6.0 | 4.133 g/ccm ) | * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookite (orthorhombic | mohs 5.5 to 6.0 | 4.133 g/ccm ) | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide Titanium dioxide] | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Wikimedia:''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | * CC licensed images of rutile [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rutile Category:Rutile] – unfortunately no transparent specimens there (2021) aside from an artificial single crystal | ||
| + | [[Category:Base materials with high potential]] | ||
| + | * CC licensed images of brookit [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brookite Category:Brookite] | ||
| + | * CC licensed images of anatase [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anatase Category:Anatase] | ||
| + | ---- | ||
| + | * '''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structures_of_titanium_dioxide Category:Crystal_structures_of_titanium_dioxide]''' | ||
| + | * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structure_of_anatase Category:Crystal_structure_of_anatase] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Strukturbericht_C5 Category:Strukturbericht_C5] | ||
| + | * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structure_of_brookite Category:Crystal_structure_of_brookite] | ||
| + | * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crystal_structure_of_rutile Category:Crystal_structure_of_rutile] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Strukturbericht_C4 Category:Strukturbericht_C4] | ||
Latest revision as of 11:28, 1 March 2023
Artificial single crystal of rutile (one of the polymorphs of Titanium dioxide (TiO2). This piece is 25mm in diameter and 4mm thick. It was grown by the current-day-available technology called "verneuil method".
Overall rutile is good base material for gemstone metamaterial technology for large scale construction.
Rutile is a polymorph of titanium dioxide (TiO2)
It may be of peculiar interest because:
- it contains the element titanium (Ti) whitch is one of the more abundant elements in earth crust.
- it has a reasonably high hardness (Mohs 6.0 to 6.5)
- it features a reasonably simple (tetragonal) crystal lattice (in fact it's the defining minearal for the rutile structure)
- with the rutile structure it features the exact same structure as stishovite (a peculiarly interesting SiO2 polymorph) but given it occurs naturally in high quantities (unlike stishovite) it likely has a higher thermodynamic stability. That is: it's less prone to diffusion into a more stable polymorph at higher temperatures.
Given both rutile and stishovite feature the same crystal structure it may be possible to mechanosynthesize checkerboard neo-polymorphic transitions by replacing some Ti with with Si in a regular pattern.
Contents
Polymorphs of (TiO2)
rutile (Mohs 6.0 to 6.5)
anatase (Mohs 5.5 to 6.0).
It also has a simple tetragonal crystal lattice but different from the rutile structure
in that the unit cell is a bit bigger (and sparser?).
brookite (Mohs 5.5 to 6.0).
It also has a bigger unit cell than rutile and has the lower orthorombic crystal structure symmetry
which perhaps may make it a bit less interesting as a potential base material.
tistarite (Mohs 8.5).
Trigonal crystal structure.
High pressure modification of TiO2 – same structure as ZrO2 Baddeleyite (monoclinic Baddeleyte becomes "cubic zirconia" with some other metals added):
akaogiite (mineralienatlas)
High pressure modification isostructural to α-PbO2 (scrutinyite structure) ans isostructural to seifertite – orthorhombic dipyramidal
srilankite (mineralienatlas)
Misc
- All (TiO2) polymorphs have a high refractive index
Potential elements for controlled mechanosynthetic substitution for doping or the creation of neo-polymorphs include:
- iron Fe (extremely common) – a common natural impurity of rutile
- niobium Nb (less common) – a common natural impurity of rutile
- tantalum Ta (extremely rare) – a common natural impurity of rutile
- possibly silicon Si – since it forms an oxide with exactly the same crystal structure as rutile (stishovite)
Elements that also shares the rutile structure:
- the germanium dioxide mineral argutite (wikipedia) (germanium is one of the more rare elements though)
- the tin dioxide minearl cassiereite (wikipedia) (tin is a bit more common than germanium)
- ...
Interplanetary applications (Moon)
Titanium is supposedly especially abundant on the moon.
So future gem-gum products on the moon may feature a lot of rutile, anatase, brookite, (or other titanium based gemstones) for structural parts.
Related
The emenets in the Silicon group like to kake on rutile structure too.
A lot of neo-polymorphs may become possible by swapping out some of the titan for other compatible elements.
- Rutile structure
- Stishovite – rutile isostructural polymorph of quartz SiO2 with Mohs 8.5 to 9.5 – eventually good for making transition neo-polymorphs. See: Mechadensite.
External links
Wikipedia:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutile (tetragonal | mohs 5.0 to 6.5 | 4.23 g/ccm)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatase (tetragonal | mohs 5.5 to 6.0 | 3.79 – 3.97 g/ccm)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookite (orthorhombic | mohs 5.5 to 6.0 | 4.133 g/ccm )
Wikimedia:
- CC licensed images of rutile Category:Rutile – unfortunately no transparent specimens there (2021) aside from an artificial single crystal
- CC licensed images of brookit Category:Brookite
- CC licensed images of anatase Category:Anatase
