Form closure
(also called: shape locking, positive locking, positive closure, ...)
Contents
Usage against thermal Van der Waals bond breakage in the low nanoscale - hirachical locking
When the contacting area of two building blocks is made smaller then they wont stick together as strong as before. If the contacting area gets so low that the Van der Waals bonding energy falls in the range of the energy range of the thermal excitations it becomes likely that connections get knocked open just by chance.
Note that the critical surface area is rather small for room temperature and bulk (hydrogen terminated) diamond. A nice thing is that with linear rising contact area breakage probability for the VdW-bond falls exponentially thus areas that will never break are quickly reached.
Shape locking might be especially important for high temperature applications where small contact areas become insufficient to hold things together.
Hierarchical locking
To prevent building blocks from falling apart by accident one can chain shape locking together. Part A can't be removed because part B is in the way. Part B can't be removed because part C is in the way. And so on and so forth.
The last clip that does not use shape locking but energetic locking must be strong enough to reliably withstand thermal fluctuations of the operation temperature. Used can be:
- Van der Waals sticking with sufficient surface (and back-volume density)
- Clipping - a crystal deformation is needed to open the lock
(unlike macroscopic gemstones up to ~30% deformation is possible in flawless crystolecules) - Sparsely packed covalent bonds - (only reopenable in practically perfect vacuum)
- Densely packed covalent bonds - (not reopenable at all - see: atomically precise disassembly)
[todo: calculate the amount of reduction in probability of failure (in chained shape locking structures) depending on contact areas and temperatures]
- Why not use clipping? Clipping may make recuperating energy in the recycling process harder.
- If an energy barrier of the lower levels is overcome first it leads to a complete destruction of the structure.
- Interfaces could be hierarchically locked with sliding planes. [Todo: add info-sketch]
Basic serial chains using shape locking
Examples for possible solutions of this problem (1D structure examples):
- sturdy chain that uses shape locking - leave to thingiverse
- serial hierarchical locking structure - leave to thingiverse
The necessary surface area for energetic locking via VdW sticking may be includable in a distributed form along the whole length of the chain '''todo:''' investigate this.
Assembly forking = Disassembly merging
Note that too long chains make a parallel assembly process impossible. Thus chains should not be made longer than necessary. To reduce that issue in structures (we are deviating from linear chains now) one can include forkings in the shape lock chaining. That is at some point at least two parts need to be removed such that the held part can be removed. This can increasing accessible working spots and speed up both assembly and disassembly. The downside is that one ends up with many open ends that all need energetic locking.
Assembly merging = Disassembly forking
One can merge the shape lock chain such that one ends up with a tree converging topology in the order of assembly. That way one can resort to only one single energetic end lock. Many parallel chains of equal length that contact side by side could be tied together at their ends by turning 90° into single orthogonal chain at their ends. This would make A single 2D sheet. Many of those sheets could be tied together similarly to make a cuboid. To disassemble such a cuboid shaped assembly the process must start at a corner then work down an edge proceed along a surface and finally disassemble the whole volume. The disadvantage is that when starting the disassembly work there is only one point to work on.
Summary
Inclunding both merging and forking one ends up with a directed acyclic graph topology.
At temperatures around room temperature there probably wont be so much necessity of shape locking. [To investigate: How much shape locking is necessary in applications that are going to the limits of diamondoid materials]
There is a need for methods to find an optimum. The product should not resemble a challenging shape lock puzzle but something that is most practical.
Usage in bigger scales
To make assembly reversible with low energy turnover while retaining near full material strength
Usage in hierarchies
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