Difference between revisions of "Base materials with high potential"
From apm
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=== Simple titanium gemstones === | === Simple titanium gemstones === | ||
| − | '''Titanium compounds with | + | '''Titanium compounds with second row elements''' |
* TiB<sub>2</sub> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_diboride Titanium diboride] - hexagonal 2D layered - 3230°C - 4.52g/ccm - '''optically metallic''' - highly [[refractory]] | * TiB<sub>2</sub> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_diboride Titanium diboride] - hexagonal 2D layered - 3230°C - 4.52g/ccm - '''optically metallic''' - highly [[refractory]] | ||
* TiC [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_carbide Titanium carbide] - simple cubic - 3160°C (800°C in air) - 4.93g/ccm '''Mohs 9 to 9.5''' - water insoluble (almost) | * TiC [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_carbide Titanium carbide] - simple cubic - 3160°C (800°C in air) - 4.93g/ccm '''Mohs 9 to 9.5''' - water insoluble (almost) | ||
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'''Zirconium Zr compounds''' (maybe) | '''Zirconium Zr compounds''' (maybe) | ||
| − | * is the element below Titanium | + | * Zr (fifth row) is the element below Titanium (fourth row) |
| − | * is the most abundant | + | * Zr is the most abundant fifth row element (which are all rather rare) |
| − | * makes similarly good compounds | + | * Zr makes similarly good compounds with various other elements as Ti |
== Quite simple [[rutile structure]] & Hard == | == Quite simple [[rutile structure]] & Hard == | ||
Revision as of 10:51, 24 April 2021
Very good materials
Best of the best
Best diamondoids
- diamond and its polymorphs including hexagonal diamond aka lonsdaleite
- moissanite - SiC - high heat resistance
- pure silicon (eventually)
Best SiO2 polymorphs
Metastable ultrahard and dense SiO2 polymorphs:
- stishovite (tetragonal rutile structure)
- seifertite (orthorhombic scrutinyite structure)
Simple titanium gemstones
Titanium compounds with second row elements
- TiB2 Titanium diboride - hexagonal 2D layered - 3230°C - 4.52g/ccm - optically metallic - highly refractory
- TiC Titanium carbide - simple cubic - 3160°C (800°C in air) - 4.93g/ccm Mohs 9 to 9.5 - water insoluble (almost)
- TiN Titanium nitride - simple cubic - 2,947°C - 5.21 g/cm3 - optically metallic (golden) - "barrier metal" - water insoluble (almost)
Titanium oxides:
- TiO [1] - simple cubic - 1,750C° - 4.95g/ccm - optically metallic (golden)
- Ti2O3 [2] - tristarite - hexagonal corundum structure (like sapphire) - 2,130°C (decomposes) - 4.49g/ccm - semiconducting to metallic at 200°C
- TiO2 [3] - rutile, anatase, brookite, and more
Titanium compounds with second row elements:
- TiP - phosphid Titan(III) phosphide (de.zxc.wiki) - hexagonal - 1860°C - 3.94g/ccm - optically metallic
- Ti3P (materialsproject.org) - tetragonal - 4.7g/ccm
- TiSi2 Titanium disilicide - orthorhombic (complex unit cell) - 1,470°C - 4.02g/ccm - water insoluble - optically metallic and electrically conductive - More titanium silicides ...
- Ti3Si - tetragonal - (isotype to Ti3P - see above and Zr3P)
- Ti5Si4 - 2120°C - tetragonal (isotype to Zr5Si4)
- TiSi Titaniummonosilicide - 1760 °C - orthorhombic (isotype to FeB)
- Ti5Si9 - spacegroup Cmcm (Nr. 63) - 3.9g/ccm
- Ti5Si3
Zirconium Zr compounds (maybe)
- Zr (fifth row) is the element below Titanium (fourth row)
- Zr is the most abundant fifth row element (which are all rather rare)
- Zr makes similarly good compounds with various other elements as Ti
Quite simple rutile structure & Hard
- rutile TiO2
- stishovite - metastable SiO2 polymorph - rutile structure & very hard and dense
And neo-polymorphs with rutile structure. These include:
- Silicon group: GeO2, SnO2, β-PbO2
- Other: MnO2, FeSbO4
See: rutile structure. There is also a mention on that on the page about silicon
This could be called the the stishovite continuum or the rutile continuum'.
Mono metal monoxides (simple cublic NaCl salt structure)
Earth alkali based
- MgO periclase
- CaO - questionable - highly reactive with water
Transition metal based
Some transition metal monoxides (Typical: Max 1300-1900°C - Mohs 5-6)
- TiO hongquiite
- MnO manganosite - (Mn is less abundant)
- FeO wüstite
- NiO brommelite - (Ni is not too abundant on earth but very abundant on metallic asteroids)
V vanadium, Cr chromium, Co cobalt do that too but
these elements are more scarce thus
not included as pure high volume base materials here
Other
- spinell MgAl2O4 - very hard and cubic
Quite good materials with some hampering weakness(es)
Con: low crystal structure symmetry
- Al2O3 - leukosapphire - Mohs 9 (defining material) - (isotype to Ti2O3 tistarite)
- SiO2 common quartz - and other low density polymorphs of SiO2
Con: Rather soft materials
- calcite and aragonite
Others
- garnets - hard and cubic (but big unit cell)
- brommelite BeO - very hard but beryllium is scarce and poisonous
