View source for PWM converter

'''See also: [[Mechanical pulse width modulation]]''' (more focus on continuous transmission)

What are these for? See section "application cases" below.

'''The main point here is energy efficiency.''' <br>
The main trick here is to cross the intermediate states between fully open and fully closed as fast as possible. <br>

To elaborate a bit: Both <br>
– in [[FAPP]] zero resistance state and <br> 
– in [[FAPP]] infinite resistance state <br>
the power lost on the switching transistor is [[FAPP]] zero. <br>
But in-between these two states there is a level of resistance across the switching transistor that leads to maximal power lost on it. <br>
That is called impedance matching. We want to do the exact opposite here. Maximal "impedance mismatching" so to say. <br>
 
It's not avoidable to cross the matched impedance resistance across the switching transistor but <br>
one can do so as fast as possible and as rarely as possible (both withing limits), <br>
such that on average most of the time one is in the zero losses state. <br>

== Application cases ==

There are several application cases. Mainly:
* Decreasing or increasing the voltage but retaining ideal voltage source behavior.
* Approximating an ideal current source given an ideal voltage source.

=> Direct mechanical analogies?

== Novel direct mechanical analogy to well established existing electrical systems ==

The idea here is to convert PWM converter circuits based on discrete elements <br>
more or less 1:1 over to (macro/meso/micro/nano)mechanical circuits using the [[mechanical-electrical analogies]]. <br>
It might become sensible to do so at the nanoscale once we have [[advanced APM]] capabilities. <br>

From above there are in direct analogy the tasks of:
* Decreasing or increasing the force/torque but retaining ideal force/torque source behavior.
* Approximating an (linear/angular) speed source given an ideal force source.

The first task (constant force sources) can be done by just gears. Or linearly for small displacements by levers. But the second one not. <br>
For the second task (constant speed sources) there are escapements in clocks <br>
but these are only optimized for slow precisely timed release not for maximal energy efficiency (the ticking sounds are part of the losses). <br>

While sort of straightforward to do as of time of writing (2025-01) <br>
it seem this mechanical analogy has not yet been experimentally demonstrated at any scale. <br>

== Related ==

* '''[[Mechanical pulse width modulation]]'''
* [[Mechanical-electrical analogies]]
* [[Nanomechanic circuits]]
* [[Mechanical circuit element]]
* [[Machine element]], [[Machine elements]], [[Suitable mechanisms]] – (standard components)
* [[The DAPMAT demo project]]
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* [[Intercrystolecular snapping modes]] … Various ways to loose energy by removing constraints on motion while there is still a significant force present. Like short-circuting an electrical circuit.
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* [[Dissipation sharing]] … another energy efficiency related topic for [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s
* [[Lagrangian mechanics for nanomechanical circuits]] … analyzing propagation and of shocks though a (nano)system

== External links ==

* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWM_rectifier
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_converter
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* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matching
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider