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'''Diamondoid molecular elements''' (DMEs) are '''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_element structural elements] or [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_element machine elements] at the lower physical size limit'''. They are produced via [[mechanosynthesis]] and are often are highly symetrical.
Since '''metals are unsuitable''' (they lack directed bonds and tend to [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_diffusion diffuse]) [[diamondoid]] materials must be used. Diamondoid molecular elements are central in [[technology level III]] and [[technology level II]].

Check out '''[http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/visuals.html some images of DME examples]'''.

= Important notes =

'''Simulated DMEs often show a misleading stroboscopic effect''' making one believe that the operation frequencies lie near the thermal frequencies
giving the false impression of enourmously high friction but actually the contrary is true - see "[[superlubrication]]".

= Nomenclature =

* DM machine elements (DMMEs) ([http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/visuals.html examples]) like e.g. bearigs and gears have completely passivated surfaces.
* DM structural elements (DMSEs) ([http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:13786 example]) are minimally sized structural building blocks that are only partially passivated. They expose multiple radicals on some of their surfaces that act as [[atomic precision|AP]] [[surface interfaces|welding interfaces]] to complementary surfaces. The step of connecting [[surface interfaces]] is done in [[assembly levels|assembly level II]] and is irreversible.

'''Name suggestion:''' since DMEs are somewhat of a cross between crystals and molecules why not call them '''"(covalent) crystolecules"'''

*    DME ... Diamodoid Molecular Element (stiff - small - minimal)
*    DMME ... D.M. Machine Element
*    DMSE ... D.M. Structural Element

= Diamondoid molecular machine elements =

== Types ==

=== Bearings  ===

DMME bearings exhibit [[superlubrication|superlubrication]]. In the case of [[diamondoid]] rotative bearings this looks like described here: [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315bearingSums.html E.Drexler's blog: Symmetric molecular bearings can exhibit low energy barriers that are insensitive to details of the potential energy function].

The occurring friction is orders of magnitude lower than the one occurring when liquid lubricants are used in macro ore microscopic (non [[atomic precision|AP]]) bearings [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322drags.html E.Drexler's blog: Phonon drag in sleeve bearings can be orders of magnitude smaller than viscous drag in liquids].

DMME bearings can be built such that the force between bearing and axle is anti-compressive further lowering dynamic drag but also lowering stiffness possibly down to zero. [http://e-drexler.com/p/04/03/0322nonrepulsive.html E.Drexler's blog: Bearings can be stable despite attractive interactions between their surfaces] (related: [[levitation]])

If badly chosen the combined symmetry of bearing and axle can create a bistable tristable or an other low symmetry configuration. This should usually be avoided. Some symmetry considerations can be found here: [http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/bearingProof.html Zyvex; Ralph C. Merkle: A Proof About Molecular Bearings] and iirc on the Nanoengineer-1 developer wiki which went missing. :(

A tutorial on bearing design can be found here: [http://www.somewhereville.com/?p=82 A Low-Friction Molecular Bearing Assembly Tutorial, v1]

=== Friction elements ===

Interlocking teeth with low stiffness can snap back and thermalize energy.
[http://e-drexler.com/p/04/02/0315pairSnap.html E.Drexler's blog: Softly supported sliding atoms can undergo abrupt transitions in energy]
This can serve as a break (analog to an electrical resistor in an electrical circuit)

=== Gears ===

Single rows of protruding atoms can be used as gear teeth.
Considerations about stiffness as in [[superlubrication]] for DMME bearings are relevant [''more details needed'']. 
A simple pair of inter-meshing straight bevel-gears have higher bumpiness than well designed DMME bearings.
This can be reduced by making the gears helical. '''Example designs are needed'''.
Using more than one row for a gear tooth will lead to more "bumpiness" but also potentially higher transmittable torque. Further '''investigation needed'''

['''Todo:''' add notes about smoothing of gear on gear rolling wavyness]

=== Fasteners  ===
Details can be found on the [[locking mechanisms]] page. <br>
Enclosed radicals could be used to make very compact reversible connectors (name suggestion: ''covaconns'' - for covalent connectors)

* [''Todo:'' note details about the expanding ridge joint]

=== Pumps ===

There is a model of a single atom neon pump which to some degree acts as a filter too.
Positive displacement pumps like piston pumps scroll pumps or progressing cavity pumps have not yet been designed.

=== Others  ===

[Todo: telescoptc rods; joints; hinges .... ball joints -> issues lack of ball curvature?]

== Sets ==

=== Minimal set of compatible DMMEs  ===

In electric circuits there is one topological and three kinds of basic passive elements.<br>
Adding an active switching element one can create a great class of circuits. <br>
'''0) fork node; 1) capacitors; 2) inductors; 3) resistors'''

Those passive elements have a direct correspondences in rotative or reciprocating mechanics namely: <br>
'''0) planetary or differential gearbox [*]; 1) springs; 2) inertial masses; 3) friction elements''' <br>
[*] and analogons for reciprocating mechanics

But there are limits to the electric-mechanic analogy. Some mechanic elements often differ significantly from their electric counterparts in their qualitative behavior.
Two examples of elements  quite different in behaviour are:
* transistors & locking pins
* transformers & gearboxes

With creating a set of standard sizes of those elements and a modular building block system to put them together 
creating rather complex systems can be done in a much shorter time. <br>
Like in electronics one can first create a schematics and subsequently the board.
 
'''To do:''' Create a minimal set of minimal sized DMMEs for rotative nanomechanics.
Modular housing structures standard bearings and standard axle redirectioning are also needed.

'''To investigate:''' how can reciprocating mechanics be implemented considereng the [[passivation bending issue]]

= Diamondoid molecular structural elements =

[[File:Wiki-tetrapod-openconnects-black-135.png|frame| An example of a diamondoid molecular structural element (DMSE). The bright red spots are open bonds.]]

==sets==

Tobhe able to build the maximal amount of different [[microcomponents]] with the minimal amount of DMEs one needs to design/pick optimal sets of DMEs from a very

* standardised building block systems
* housing structures
* standard corner pieces connecting the various crystallographic planes
* in edge passivation with hydrogen can be problematic
* issue of non androgynous [[surface interfaces|sinterfaces]]
* brackets for sub bond length positioning [[http://www.foresight.org/Updates/Update10/Update10.3.html]]
* standard pipe and channel segments - the [[passivation bending issue]] is of relevance

= Molecular transport elements =

Elements that create one dimensional structures for the logistic transport of different media are a bit of a 
cross between machine elements and structural elements.

== data transmission ==

For transmission of data in Nanosystems [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyyne polyyine] rods where proposed.
They constitute the thinnest physically possible rod manufacturable and consist out of sp hybridized carbon which must be [[mechanosynthesis|mechanosynthesizable]] for their construction which goes beyond minimal necessary capabilities (sure?).
Handling of sp carbon is involved in already analyzed [[tooltip chemistry]] though and thus likely to be available.
Polyyne rods obviously are rather susceptible to radiation damage thus it might be wise to use chains of benzene rings which are more stable.
With the first few additional ring widths the event of non self healing catastrophic damage becomes drastically more unlikely per unit of time. ['''Todo''': calculate estimations]
Still two of those ribbons like to fuse under UV irradiation (see: [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthracene anthracene])
Going to cyclohexan chains and bigger diamondoid rods makes the surface a lot more bumpy and the housings a lot more bulky.

* parity bits and more elaborate (somewhat holographic) data redundancy
* bit flip - tape rupture

== energy transmission ==

For power transmission strained shell near cylindrical diamondoid axles are a good possibility reciprocative movement may be better for high power densities.

== heat transport ==

For thermal drain water works well because of its very high heat capacity. To drastically reduce friction one should pass it around enclosed in diamond pellets ([[capsule transport]]) to get it in either one needs to use very high pressure (sealing might be difficult; thermal conductance may suffer) or the insides are made hydrophobic by adding -OH insted of -H surface terminations. In the latter case mechanosynthetic oxygen placement capabilities are needed which go beyond minimal necessary capabilities. Pipes are easily creatable but work better at the macroscale.
It may be possible to use the phase trasition ice water to keep the the factory at constant tempertaure but note that superclean water (that occurs as waste see below) does not necessarily freeze when supercooled and the melting point might be significantly altered in small possibly hydrophobic encapsulation.

== raw material supply ==

For supply of solvated raw material the same method as for the cooling solvent can be used.

== waste removal ==

A waste that always occurs at a low rate comes from oxidation of excess hydrogen - atomically clean water.
Water can be drained via pipes or enclosed in pellets [more investigation of existing literature needed]

Beside that depending on how much self repair capability is included
waste can be constituted out of shunned microcomponents because they are irreparable or likely to be broken or dirt contaminated.
(see: "[[microcomponent tagging]]") or out of dysfunctional DMEs caused by assembly errors. ...

= General properties of DMEs =

To get a better picture how DMEs behave mechanically
and in general how everything else behaves at this size range
one can '''look at the [[scaling laws]]''' which describe how physical quantities scale with size. 

DMEs with carbon, silicon carbide or silicon as core material can be can have internal structure like
* diamond / [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonsdaleite lonsdaleite]
* or other possibly strained [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp3_bond#sp3_hybrids sp<sup>3</sup>] configurations.
Due to the lack of defects the [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength ultimate tensile strength] of larger DMEs lies above diamond of thermodynamic origin.

== Strained shell structures ==

To form cylindrical or helical structures with high to maximal rotational symmetries for their size (good axles for [[superlubrication]]) one usually constructs wedge shaped segments and put them together until they naturally turn around 360 degree. Bending can be induced from internal structure or surface passivation (since passivation atoms haven't got the exact same bond length like the internal atoms, see: [[passivation bending issue]]).
If 360° are exactly met the structures bending results from internal unstrained structure the whole structure is unstrained - a goal to aim for. If not bending to a strained shell is required.
For thin tubes of high diameter a completely unstrained lattice of the used diamondoid material can be bent around.
A note on bending tools can be found on the "[[mechanosynthesis]]" page.

Spheres are rather rather hard to approximate. [to investigate: feasability of ball joints]

== VdW sticking ==

See: [[locking mechanisms]] <br>
[Todo: add calculation of how much surface is needed to securely overcome the characteristic thermal energy  (100kT?) -- to locking mechanisms?? -- techlevel I related too ...] <br>
[Todo: link to force estimation]

== Acceleration tolerance ==

[Todo: add calculation of a block on a neck model - for "intuitive" understanding]

High tolerance to accelerations (and possibly slow building speeds) may seduce one to build very filigree structures.
Especially nanofactories will have lots of vacuum filled free space inside.
Since the structures still can be crushed by external pinching forces
one should - to avoid health hazards and waste production - always design with prevention measures for [[sharp edges and splinters]] in mind.

= External links =

* [http://www.iberchip.net/iberchip2006/ponencias/86.pdf Design of Nanomachines using NanoEngineer-1]
* [http://metamodern.com/2009/02/10/nanomachines-how-the-videos-lie-to-scientists/ Nanomachines: How the Videos Lie to Scientists]
* without troboscopic illusion: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RosHyQUw5jI  Molecular dynamics simulation of small bearing design]
* [http://www.somewhereville.com/?p=82 A Low-Friction Molecular Bearing Assembly Tutorial, v1]

[[Category:Technology level III]]