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= The far term target =

{{Template:Nanofactory introduction}}

The existence of a personal fabricator will have profound impact human society on a global scale. <br>
The basis for such a personal fabricator - the '''atomically precise manufacturing (APM) technology''' - is beginning to be figured out today.

= Dodge the trapdoors =
[[File:Assemblies-gears-srg-iii.gif |300px|thumb|right|Gear-train (cut open). Author: Mark Sims – '''Don't be fooled by the [[stroboscopic illusion in animations of diamondoid molecular machine elements]].''' The proposed average operation speeds in [[gem-gum factories]] are quite slow actually. Nowhere near the speed of sound.]]

First off: Let's get the major obstacles out of the way.
* '''There are no "nanobots" here!''' <br>Check the info pages "[[Prime distractions]]" and "[[No nanobots]]".
* '''Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale?!''' (machinery like [[example crystolecules|this]])<br> It's well known, that there are several severe concerns regarding this idea. And for very good reasons.<br> Less known is, that all of those major concerns have been considered in quite some detail with rather surprising results. <br>Check out the main article discussing the concerns here: <br>[[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]
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* '''Yes, lifes nanomachinery (molecular biology) does NOT constitute a feasibility proof of the targeted kind of technology.''' <br>But it does not constitute an infeasibility proof either. For details see: "[[Nature does it differently]]". <br>What does provide the very high confidence in feasibility is low level [[exploratory engineering]] applied without compromises. <br>Additionally there are successful experimental demonstrations of manipulation of single atoms. Repeatable, precise, with strong covalent bonds, and at decently high temperatures ("decently high" meaning: no liquid helium involved). Plus there's a clear path how to speed this up to the necessary operations frequencies. Namely by scaling down the placement mechanisms.
* '''No, making every structure permitted by physical law is NOT the goal here.''' Quite the contrary actually. What we want is to cheat and make it seem as if we could. It's even encoded in the name that this wiki uses to refer to the far term target. Specifically in the "gem" and "gum" parts in "gem-gum-tec". For details check out: "[[The defining traits of gem-gum-tec]]" and "[[Every structure permissible by physical law]]".
* '''No, using soft nanomachinery to bootstrap stiff nanomachinery is not an abandonment of principles.''' It just might be a more practical approach to get to the target faster. See: "[[Pathways]]".
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* '''No, nanoscale physics and [[quantum mechanics]] is not inherently incomprehensible.''' <br>It is very possible, satisfying, and useful to develop an [[intuitive feel]] for these things.

== What APM is not ==
[[File:The_Inner_Life_of_the_Cell.jpg |300px|thumb|right|Source: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_Life_of_the_Cell Animation video: "The Inner Life of the Cell"] – '''Recreating the molecular machinery of life is NOT the far term goal of atomically precise manufacturing.''' It is one goal of [[synthetic biology]] which goes in a very different direction. The molecular machinery of life though is a valuable resource for (1) [[bootstrapping]] towards [[gem-gum]] systems and (2) learning lower level concepts like e.g. the [[coordination geometries]] in active sites of enzymes).]]

While early APM may have overlap with these areas the far term goals are very different.

* [[Soft nanomachines]]: APM is all about targeting [[stiffness]] / stiff nanomachines / "hard" nanomachines. <br>Nonetheless soft nanomachines can be very useful in the bootstrapping process. <br><small>Note though, that self assembly (useful in bootstrapping) does not essentially rely on a lack of stiffness aka softness. <br>There are experiments with hierarchical self assembly of structural DNA nanotechnology that have clearly demonstrated this <br>{{wikitodo|add reference}}.</small>
* [[Molecular biology]]: One main far term target in molecular biology is a complete reverse engineering of natures nanomachinery for grand improvements in medicine. This is strongly unrelated to the far term target of APM. A particular example where the interests diverge: The very difficult folding problem for natural proteins versus the relatively simple de-novo-protein-design for artificial nanomachinery.
* [[Synthetic biology]]: The far term targets of this research is the recreation and expansion of the nanomachinery of life. It goes pretty much 180° in the opposite direction of APM. <br><small>(Not to say that this research is not valuable in its own right. Its far term targets are just maximally unrelated to R&D efforts targeting APM)</small>

Main article: "[[Brownian technology path]]"

== What APM actually is ==

APM is basically the capability of manufacturing products such that the atoms they are constituted of link (bind) to each other in "exactly" the way one desires them to. Since "absolute exactness" in other words "making no errors ever" is a fundamental physical impossibility one just aims for extremely low error rates. On the long run error rates comparable to the bit-error-rates one can find in todays digital data processing systems.

== Why should the far term target of APM (gemstone metamaterial technology) even work? ==

Because there is exceptional theoretical and good experimental evidence that it will: <br>
For details see: [[Why gemstone metamaterial technology should work in brief]] <br>
[[Gemstone metamaterial technology]] is the far term target of APM. More on that further down.

For theoretical evidence (including some not covered in [[Nanosystems]]) see:
* [[Macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale]]
* [[How macroscale style machinery at the nanoscale outperforms its native scale]]

= APM in the near term and APM in the far term = 

See main article: [[Near term and far term]].

== The (two) killer features of APM ==

'''See main page: [[The killer features of APM]]'''<br>
Basically two things:
* [[Digital control over matter]]
* Emulation of complex (mechanical) properties from simple base materials: <br>[[mechanical metamaterial]]s & [[metamaterial]]s

== Nearer term targets ==

On this wiki "atomically precise manufacturing" (or APM) will be interpreted in a wider sense. <br>
Including both earlier precursor systems in the near term and the targeted later systems in the far term. <br>
Specifically this may include:
* [[Modular molecular composite nanosystems]] (MMCNs)
* [[Foldamer printer]]s
* Technology level: [[Technology level 0|0]], [[Technology level I|I]], (and maybe [[Technology level II|II]])

== Far term target ==

[[File:ProductiveNanosystemsMainScreencap.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Screen capture from the concept animation video: "[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]" showing several proposed processing stages compressed into just one single image. This is conceptual.]]
On this wiki the shorthand '''"gem-gum technology"''' will be used to refer to the '''far term target'''.<br>

=== Development target more concretely ===

'''The development target are "[[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]]".''' <br>
The associated technology (what they are made out of and what they make) is "[[gemstone metamaterial technology]]". <br>

=== Visualization of target ===

The best visualization of the proposed internal workings of a [[gem-gum factory]] in existence so far is<br>
'''the concept animation video: [[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]'''<br>
This features concrete example geometries.

=== Block diagram ===

Not specifying any concrete geometries a good overview over the necessary innards of a [[gem-gum factory]] can be found here:<br>
'''[[Block diagram of a gem-gum on-chip factory]]'''

=== Choice of terminology ===

'''Why "gem-gum"?''' See: [[Defining traits of gem-gum-tec]]. In brief:
* The '''"gem"''' stands stands for gemstone being the base material
* The '''"gum"''' stands for rubber like flexibility – one of many possible properties that the gemstone base material attains by nanostructuring it into a [[mechanical metamaterial]]

<small>''A technically accurate but unwieldy long description of the far term target of APM would be:</small> <br> 
<small>"atomically resolving gemstone based metamaterial manufacturing and technology"''</small>

=== Microcomponent recomposers ===

[[Microcomponent recomposer]]s also belong to [[gemstone metamaterial technology]]. <br>
These would be kind of deliberately incomplete [[gemstone metamaterial on-chip factories]] because <br>
they'd only recompose [[microcomponents]] which already have been pre-produced.

=== Scope of "gemstone metamaterial technology" (or "gem-gum-tech" for short) ===

On this wiki to "[[gemstone metamaterial technology]]" is sometimes referred to with:
* technology level [[Technology level III|III]] – (gemstones that can only be synthesized in under [[practically perfect vacuum]]) <br>
* technology level [[Technology level II|II]] – (solution phase synthesizable gemstones) may or may not be included.

= Take a tour =

Take a guided tour: <small>(Work in progress. Please excuse the links dangling into construction sites.)</small><br>
* [[Tour by topic]]
* [[Tour by map]]
Or take a shortcut directly from here:

== What, Why, How, When ==

{|style="background-color:#ccccff;" cellpadding="5"
|DEFINITION:
|'''[[About APM]]'''
|'''What''' APM is not and what it is.
|-
|MOTIVATION:
|[[Reasons for APM]]
| '''Why''' we need APM.
|-
|OBSTACLES:
|[[conceptual and institutional challenges]]
| '''What''' impedes progress towards APM.
|-
|APPROACH:
|[[Pathways to advanced APM systems|Pathways to advanced APM]]
|'''How''' we get to advanced APM.
|-
|PROGRESSION:
|[[Time till advanced APM]]
|'''When''' we will get to advanced APM?
|}
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Also there are:
* the '''[[goals of this wiki]]'''
* this wiki's [[APM:About|impressum]]
* related 3D printing projects: [[The DAPMAT demo project|educational illustration of various principles]]; [[ReChain project]]; [[RepRec project]]

Misc:
* '''[[General Introduction to atomically precise manufacturing|Intro:]]''' Here is an old version of the landing page. Containing a detailed introduction to atomically precise manufacturing as a whole. (warning, lots of text)

= What needs to be done to make it happen =

'''See: [[Where to start targeted development]] for some suggestions.'''

= Exciting super far term visions =

See: '''[[Exciting super far term visions for gemstone metamaterial technology]]'''

= Links =

=== Technical feasibility analysis ===

There is (after 29 years and counting) still only one focused and aggregated technical feasibility analysis of advanced APM (referring to gemstone metamaterial APM here) available as of the day of writing (2020-11-08).
This is Eric Drexlers 1991 MIT Dissertation and the book "[[Nanosystems]]" which basically is a cleaned up version of the dissertation. 

* via MIT libraries: [https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/27999]
* via academia.edu [https://www.academia.edu/7789003/Drexler_MIT_dissertation]
* via internet archive of the authors former homepage: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160409095424/http://e-drexler.com/d/09/00/Drexler_MIT_dissertation.pdf]

This analysis is still the most important technical work in this field alone simply because it is still the only one. If the reader is not afraid of a bit more technical reading and want's to get well past a mere superficial understanding then this is a highly suggested read. Note that the topics tackled in the analysis are of timeless nature so the analysis hasn't gone outdated in these past 29 (and counting) years.

== Webpages ==

* [http://www.sci-nanotech.com Forum]
* [http://www.foresight.org/ Foresight Institute: Nanotechnology]
* [http://www.imm.org/ Institute for Molecular Manufacturing]
* [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/ Nanofactory Collaboration]
* [http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/201310Nano_Solutions.pdf Disquisition 2013 "Nano-solutions for the 21st century: Unleashing the fourth technological revolution"]
* [http://www.zyvexlabs.com/Publications2010/WhitePapers/APM_Q_and_A.html Zyvex's definition of APM]
* [[Other sites]]

== Brief introduction videos ==
* '''[[Productive Nanosystems From molecules to superproducts]]''' ~ A concept video visualizing the results found in the book [[Nanosystems]]
* [https://vimeo.com/186020435 Nanotube TV (von Nanotechnology Industries)] (2016-10)
* [https://youtu.be/lvUFNp-TWbg?t=23m5s Nanotechnology: the big picture with Dr Eric Drexler and Dr Sonia Trigueros] (2016-01-28)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9RiB_o7Szs&t=903s Transforming the Material Basis of Civilization | Eric Drexler | TEDxISTAlameda] (2015-11-16)
* Chris Phoenix on Molecular Manufacturing (2014-09?) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tCa0MxtgFI (alternative 2)][http://tsf.njit.edu/2006/spring/phoenix.php (alternative1)] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1eEzD_FVCmk Nanotechnologist (older dead link)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zG-CQ-ZKh80 Dr Eric Drexler - Remaking the 21st Century] (2014-01-23) '''long! 1h 14min'''
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bw6Zi17DBI Video of oxford talk] (2014-01-22): Eric K. Drexler speaks about his new book "[[Radical Abundance]]"
* [https://vimeo.com/62119582 John Randall: "Atomically Precise Manufacturing" at Foresight Technical Conference 2013] <br> '''[https://vimeo.com/album/2331977 Illuminating Atomic Precision: Foresight Technical Conference January 2013]'''
* [http://vimeo.com/12768578 Fully Printed] (2010-06) - Note: '''[[Diamondoid]] nanofactories will look and work differently and [[misconceptions#no food|won't produce food]]'''.
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdKyf8fsH6w Ralph Merkle - An introduction to Molecular Nanotechnology] (2009-11)
* presentation by Phillip Moriarty (2009-09): <br> SENS4 - Molecular Nanotechnology in the Real World: How Feasible is a Nanofactory? <br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5XPE07QIFBM (1/4)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R687ErdGGOU (2/4)] - '''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uBrltpO8mXE (3/4)]''' - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3U44vsY28o (4/4)]
* Nottingham Nanotechnology debate (2005-08-24):<br>[https://vimeo.com/227341986 (recording of the whole debate)]<br> Unfortunately videos got deleted :( <br> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQxTOqvZ9j8 (1/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8UyvPbyqz0 (2/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCZyc4MfwVQ (3/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVP4fBnirxo (4/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hn1i7R-0kzQ (5/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0uITrLJeiZg (6/7)] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWWzgiqMfNs (7/7)] -- repaired links [http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x31uo9s (7/7)]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TbWwN93YyE BBC Horizon Nanoutopia (1995)][http://www.disclose.tv/action/viewvideo/154610/BBC_Horizon__Nanoutopia_1995/  (broken link#2)] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaSgP_KyZiY (older broken link)] - Note: '''The term "nanotechnology" turned out to be to unspecific and the assembler concept is now superseded by the nanofactory concept.''' The complexity of a nanofactory will be akin to modern day computer chips.
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eRCygdW--c#t=13 Richard Feynman Nanotechnology Lecture - Tiny Machines] (1984-10-25)

== Related ==

* [[Gem-gum on-chip factories]]
* [[Gemstone metamaterial technology]]
* [[Terminology]], [[APM related terms]]

== Wikipedia pages ==

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomically_precise_manufacturing Atomically precise manufacturing]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productive_nanosystems Productive nanosystems]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology Molecular nanotechnology]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_assembler#Nanofactories Molecular assembler -> Nanofactories]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanosynthesis#Diamond_mechanosynthesis Mechanosynthesis -> Diamond mechanosynthesis]

== Locally hosted files ==

*  <span style="color:#FF0000">'''Slides from [//cfp.linuxwochen.at/de/LWW14/public/events/115 the talk] the [[APM:About|apm-wiki site admin]] gave at the austrian "linuxwochen" event: [http://apm.bplaced.net/public/APM-Talk-12-2slidesproseite_de.pdf slides-pdf-file]'''</span>

[[Category:Contents]]
[[Category:General]]