Analytical methods

Characterization dimensions for various methods

• what goes primary in & what goes primary out (light, free electrons, atoms, particles; current, voltage, …)
• gentleness vs destructiveness to the sample
• detection thresholds (e.g. for different elements)
• contrast mechanism(s)
• direction dependence of contrast (anisotropy)
• surface penetration depth
• qualitative vs quantitative if latter then methods-for and limits-on calibration (calibratability)
• requirements on ambient conditions (e.g. UHV needed? deep cryo needed?)
• locality: global average value or imaging if latter then what resolution
• real-space or k-space or something else needing computational pre-processing fro interpretability
• result interpretability in terms of concrete pysical quantities indirectly measured

External links

Surface analytics

• Scanning probe microscopy – And many "hyphenated" derived sub techniques.
• Scanning tunneling microscope & Scanning tunneling spectroscopy
• Non-contact atomic force microscopy

---

• X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
• [1]
• Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED)

---

• Ellipsometry

---

• List of materials analysis methods

(Mostly) bulk analytics

• Transmission electron microscopy
• Cryo-electron microscopy

---

• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)

---

• (fluorescence) confocal laser scanning microscopy
• Förster resonance energy transfer related: Quenching (fluorescence)

General

• "Combinations of the above techniques produce a "hybrid" or "hyphenated" technique."