Robust vacuum balloon metamaterial - Revision history

Apm: Apm moved page Robust metamaterial balloon to Robust vacuum balloon metamaterial: more descriptive

2023-11-08T08:33:11Z

Apm moved page Robust metamaterial balloon to Robust vacuum balloon metamaterial: more descriptive

← Older revision	Revision as of 10:33, 8 November 2023
(No difference)

Apm: /* Why not hydrogen as lifting gas? – Relation to the conventional lifting gas method */ added section == Energy content of the spanned up vacuum ==

2023-11-08T08:28:38Z

Why not hydrogen as lifting gas? – Relation to the conventional lifting gas method: added section == Energy content of the spanned up vacuum ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:28, 8 November 2023
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	In the end a lot depends on the scale. If large scale interconnected [[aerial mesh]]es really become a thing, then having them combustible internally (hydrogen as lifting gas) or externally (carbon as building base material) would be a recipe for a really bad apocalyptic large scale disaster with a burning skies coming crashing down. Thus better no carbon and no hydrogen, but silicon oxide or aluminum oxide and vacuum (or helium).		In the end a lot depends on the scale. If large scale interconnected [[aerial mesh]]es really become a thing, then having them combustible internally (hydrogen as lifting gas) or externally (carbon as building base material) would be a recipe for a really bad apocalyptic large scale disaster with a burning skies coming crashing down. Thus better no carbon and no hydrogen, but silicon oxide or aluminum oxide and vacuum (or helium).

			== Energy content of the spanned up vacuum ==

			Note that the vacuum alone carries a significant amount of energy. <br>
			Pressure in Pascal times volume in m³ gives Joules of energy. <br>
			10kPa*1m^3 = 100kJ/m³ = 277.8Wh/m³ <br>
			About equivalent to lifting 1m³ of water up 10m of height <br>
			1000kg/m³10m/s²10m = 100kJ/m³

			This is still minute that is ~100x less compared to chemical energy storage. <br>
			Uncompressed hydrogen gas at 1atm: 11880kJ/m³ <br>
			Uncompressed methane gas at 1atm: 37800kJ/m³ <br>

			On the one hand this may be a safety issue, <br>
			on the other hand a potential inverted air pressure energy storage <br>
			lacking losses from compression heating up air due to the infinite reservoir. <br>
			Though with advanced tech there are probably better ways. See: [[Chemomechanical converter]]s.

	== Limits of low and high pressure ==		== Limits of low and high pressure ==

Apm: /* Relation to the conventional lifting gas method */ huge improvements

2023-11-08T07:59:09Z

Relation to the conventional lifting gas method: huge improvements

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	Having a silicate or aluminate or other lithospheric element based design there is no possibility for local self accelerating growth like in the case of [[grey goo meme\|malicious air using replicators]] without a complete redesign of the entire system to [[HCNO]] usage. Advanced mining can scale up self acceleratingly reducing costs. See related page: [[Lithospheric mesh]].		Having a silicate or aluminate or other lithospheric element based design there is no possibility for local self accelerating growth like in the case of [[grey goo meme\|malicious air using replicators]] without a complete redesign of the entire system to [[HCNO]] usage. Advanced mining can scale up self acceleratingly reducing costs. See related page: [[Lithospheric mesh]].

	== Relation to the conventional lifting gas method ==		== Why not hydrogen as lifting gas? – Relation to the conventional lifting gas method ==

			Avoiding the use of the very scarce element helium may lower price from todays perspective albeit we may import that element from space in the future if we figure out how to get it out of the deep gravitational potential well of Uranus and Neptune. Or some yet undiscovered ultra deep space location (wildly speculating).

	Avoiding the use of the very scarce element helium may lower price from todays perspective albeit we may import that element from space in the future if we figure out how to get it out of the potential well of Uranus and Neptune.
	Its unclear how safe hydrogen microcompartmentalized in glass metamaterial could be - maybe comparable to methane hydride - {{todo\|closer investigatin required}}.		Its unclear how safe hydrogen microcompartmentalized in glass metamaterial could be - maybe comparable to methane hydride - {{todo\|closer investigatin required}}.

			As commonly known hydrogen as lifting gas has gained a bad reputation from the Hindenburg disaster. <br>
			One could arguably say though that flying around in planes surrounded by two giant tanks of kerosene is no less scary.
			The combustible high energy material is just well hidden away in airplanes wings.
			If planes become hydrogen powered (as some work is done on as of time of review 2023) it becomes even less of a difference.
			Well, the attack surfaces of airships for lightning strikes or crashes with other flying objects is bigger.
			And steerability is more limited. This being at the mercy of the wind situation may get significantly better with very advanced [[gem-gum-tech]] though as described above.

			In the end a lot depends on the scale. If large scale interconnected [[aerial mesh]]es really become a thing, then having them combustible internally (hydrogen as lifting gas) or externally (carbon as building base material) would be a recipe for a really bad apocalyptic large scale disaster with a burning skies coming crashing down. Thus better no carbon and no hydrogen, but silicon oxide or aluminum oxide and vacuum (or helium).

	== Limits of low and high pressure ==		== Limits of low and high pressure ==

Apm: /* Price */ big improvements

2023-11-08T07:40:06Z

Price: big improvements

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	== Price ==		== Price ==

	Since the density is lower than 1kg/~~m^3~~ (three orders of magnitude lower than dense material - factor 1000) huge volumes can be filled cheaply.		Since the density of the vacuum balloon metamaterial is lower than 1kg/m³ <br>
	~~Since for fire safety reasons atmospheric carbon dioxide can only be used in small quantities lithospheric mining is required making it a bit more expensive than dense carbon rich diamondoid products.~~		(three orders of magnitude lower than dense material like water - factor 1000) <br>
	There is no possibility for self accelerating growth through growing surface area like in the case of [[grey goo meme\|malicious air using replicators]]. But advanced mining can scale up self acceleratingly. It just needs energy in lithophilic elements out.		huge volumes can be filled cheaply. <br>

	It seems possible that ~~it'll~~ become cheaper than ~~todays~~ cheapest building materials concrete and asphalt.		It seems possible that the vacuum balloon metamaterial will become cheaper than today's cheapest building materials concrete and asphalt. Especially in terms of volume. Eventually allowing to build [[airmesh]]es on a larger scale than today's ground-bound street network. A network of skyroads so to say. See: [[Atmospheric mesh]]es. Less but still speculative just airships.
	~~Allowing~~ to build [[airmesh]]es on a larger scale than ~~todays~~ ground-bound street network ~~- a~~ network of skyroads so to say.
			=== Influence of base material on cost ===

			Since for fire safety reasons carbon from the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide can only be used in small quantities as building material, lithospheric mining is required. This is making it a bit more expensive than dense carbon-rich diamondoid products.

			Having a silicate or aluminate or other lithospheric element based design there is no possibility for local self accelerating growth like in the case of [[grey goo meme\|malicious air using replicators]] without a complete redesign of the entire system to [[HCNO]] usage. Advanced mining can scale up self acceleratingly reducing costs. See related page: [[Lithospheric mesh]].

	== Relation to the conventional lifting gas method ==		== Relation to the conventional lifting gas method ==

Apm: some improvements

2023-11-08T07:24:33Z

some improvements

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:24, 8 November 2023
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	'''Note:''' Aeronautic balloons out of robust metamaterials are not to confuse with: [[Diamondoid balloon products]]		'''Note:''' Aeronautic balloons out of robust metamaterials are not to confuse with: [[Diamondoid balloon products]]

	== Proof of principle ==		== Proof of principle & Math ==

	~~This capability~~ is ~~already demonstrated by a few~~ special aerogels ~~today but unlike todays aerogels balloon metamaterial is an advanced atomically precise metamaterial~~ and ~~shows much more resilience against physical attack (crunching/ripping)~~.		{{todo\|Run the numbers!}} <br>
			While pushing the limits this seems promising since <br>
			there is experimental evidence even with today's materials (from certain special aerogels). <br>
			Further up in the stratosphere and above this becomes increasingly questionable. <br>

	== Mechanical stability ==		== Mechanical stability ==

			Unlike todays aerogels balloon metamaterial is an advanced atomically precise metamaterial and shows much more resilience against physical attack (crunching/ripping).

	'''Chrunching:''' When it is crunched it reversible folds down to a state with almost no void gaps rasing its compressive strength to almost to the level of solid matterial. Obviously it will stop floating for the time it stays crunched. The material can (and probably should) get designed in such a way that when it gets crunched it stores at least enough energy such that the subsequent (undamaged) unfolding - which has to work against atmospheric pressure - can be easily performed.		'''Chrunching:''' When it is crunched it reversible folds down to a state with almost no void gaps rasing its compressive strength to almost to the level of solid matterial. Obviously it will stop floating for the time it stays crunched. The material can (and probably should) get designed in such a way that when it gets crunched it stores at least enough energy such that the subsequent (undamaged) unfolding - which has to work against atmospheric pressure - can be easily performed.

Apm: /* Base material quartz */ improvements

2023-11-08T07:15:03Z

Base material quartz: improvements

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:15, 8 November 2023
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	Dynamic soaring is a way that allows for harvesting energy from wind-speed gradients at larger scales than the scale of the aerial vehicle (even without contact to stationary ground). This does not leave the vehicle entirely stationary but requires it to criss-cross at the scale of the wind-speed gradient. It's seems likely that larger quantities of energy can be harvested than from local turbolences.		Dynamic soaring is a way that allows for harvesting energy from wind-speed gradients at larger scales than the scale of the aerial vehicle (even without contact to stationary ground). This does not leave the vehicle entirely stationary but requires it to criss-cross at the scale of the wind-speed gradient. It's seems likely that larger quantities of energy can be harvested than from local turbolences.

	== Base material quartz ==		== Base material sapphire & quartz ==

	Since ~~earth~~'s atmosphere contains oxygen any material that burns easily is problematic.		Since Earth's atmosphere contains oxygen any material that burns easily is problematic.
	While diamond does not burn in its bulk form ~~the~~ a highly filigree metamaterial structure would burn very vigorously.		One reason to go for vacuum balloons rather than hydrogen as lifting gas.
	~~The~~ solution is to use a material that is already in its oxidized state. ~~Best~~ options ~~are~~ Silicon dioxide (quartz) aluminum dioxide (sapphire) or titanium dioxide (Rutile/Anatas/Brookite). Biominerals like calcite and hydroxylapatite also do not burn since they are based on oxides of carbon and phosphorus respectively. ~~necessary~~ internal ~~nanomachine~~ bearings may be made out of silicon carbide (moissanite) it burns but builds up a glass layer that prevents further burning.		While diamond does not burn in its bulk form, a highly filigree metamaterial structure would burn very vigorously.
			A solution is to use a material that is already in its oxidized state. Good options seem to be Silicon dioxide (quartz) aluminum dioxide (sapphire) or titanium dioxide (Rutile/Anatas/Brookite). Biominerals like calcite and hydroxylapatite also do not burn since they are based on oxides of carbon and phosphorus respectively. See: [[Salts of oxoacids]]. Necessary internal nano-machine bearings may be made out of silicon carbide (moissanite) it burns but builds up a glass layer that prevents further burning.

	== Applications ==		== Applications ==

Apm: /* Steerability in high winds */ significant improvements

2023-11-08T07:08:04Z

Steerability in high winds: significant improvements

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	== Steerability in high winds ==		== Steerability in high winds ==

	* [[active surface motion]] can replace air resistance friction with ~~much much~~ lower infinitesimal bearing friction in the top layer surface pf the balloon. This tackles the tangential motion component of air.		* [[active surface motion]] can replace air resistance friction with lower infinitesimal bearing friction in the top layer surface of the balloon. This tackles the tangential motion component of air. Overcompensation can act as propulsion.
	* [[temporary adiabatic presence cloaking]] can tackle the air motion component normal (90°) to the surface.		* [[temporary adiabatic presence cloaking]] can eventually tackle the air motion component normal (90°) to the surface (very speculative).

	~~For the balloon~~ to ~~not move as a whole the forces do not need to be compensated at every location independently~~.		'''Extracting energy from relative air motions in turbulences and employing it to stay stationary.''' <br>
	Allowing some stretching and bending the balloon can extract energy ~~allowing it - given~~ enough turbulences ~~which~~ are common near ground-level - to ~~stay stationary permanently. The storm can last arbitrarily long~~. ~~(This~~ does not work in highly laminar ~~stratospheric~~ flows).		Allowing some stretching and bending on local patches on the balloon can extract energy from local turbolences.

			If enough energy can be harvested then the balloon can be kept stationary permanently without an external energy supply.
			Exploitable turbulences are more common near ground-level.
			It seems this should not work from turbolences caused by the presence of the airship itself. Those need to be cloaked as described above. Also this does not work in highly laminar flows like common high up in a calm atmosphere (especially tropospheric weatherless stratosphere). What does work there is dynamic soaring.

			Dynamic soaring is a way that allows for harvesting energy from wind-speed gradients at larger scales than the scale of the aerial vehicle (even without contact to stationary ground). This does not leave the vehicle entirely stationary but requires it to criss-cross at the scale of the wind-speed gradient. It's seems likely that larger quantities of energy can be harvested than from local turbolences.

	== Base material quartz ==		== Base material quartz ==

Apm: /* Mechanical stability */ some improvements - activated links, added a link, split off a paragraph, some elucidating additions

2023-11-08T06:46:18Z

Mechanical stability: some improvements - activated links, added a link, split off a paragraph, some elucidating additions

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:46, 8 November 2023
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	'''Chrunching:''' When it is crunched it reversible folds down to a state with almost no void gaps rasing its compressive strength to almost to the level of solid matterial. Obviously it will stop floating for the time it stays crunched. The material can (and probably should) get designed in such a way that when it gets crunched it stores at least enough energy such that the subsequent (undamaged) unfolding - which has to work against atmospheric pressure - can be easily performed.		'''Chrunching:''' When it is crunched it reversible folds down to a state with almost no void gaps rasing its compressive strength to almost to the level of solid matterial. Obviously it will stop floating for the time it stays crunched. The material can (and probably should) get designed in such a way that when it gets crunched it stores at least enough energy such that the subsequent (undamaged) unfolding - which has to work against atmospheric pressure - can be easily performed.

	'''Ripping:''' When a force acts on the balloon-metamaterial that pulls it apart the internal structure can reversibly align into the axis of the polling force again like in the compressive case to the point where it becomes almost as dense as solid material and reaches almost the tensile strength of solid material. In practice one probably wants to put in a safety limit way below the strength of carbon nanotubes (See:"[Self limitation for safety]" and "[Sharp edges and splinters]").		'''Ripping:''' When a force acts on the balloon-metamaterial that pulls it apart the internal structure can reversibly align into the axis of the polling force again like in the compressive case to the point where it becomes almost as dense as solid material and reaches almost the tensile strength of solid material. In practice one probably wants to put in a safety limit way below the strength of carbon nanotubes for preventing injuries (See:"[[Self limitation for safety]]" and "[[Sharp edges and splinters]]").
	Pulling in all directions simultaneously (which natural occurring forces can't do) should rip the metamaterial apart easily. A malicious attack with utility fog may be possible (further analysis needed).		Pulling in all directions simultaneously not just one (which natural occurring forces can't do) should rip the metamaterial apart easily.

			A malicious attack aiming to drop balloons from the sky with using e.g. using [[utility fog]] with [[microcomponent recomposer microbot]]s capabilities may be possible (further analysis needed).

	== Steerability in high winds ==		== Steerability in high winds ==

Apm: /* Related */

2023-11-08T06:37:19Z

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	== Related ==		== Related ==

	* [[Gem-gum balloon products]]		* Different concept: [[Gem-gum balloon products]]
	* [[Atmospheric mesh]] {{speculativity warning}}		* [[Atmospheric mesh]] {{speculativity warning}}

	== External links ==		== External links ==

	* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoCAxS4vqwQ Video showing some aerogel (SEAgel) floating in gas] according to the narrative the surrounding gas is pure nitrogen which is a tiny bit heavier than air. The trustworthiness of the narrative is questionable. They should have said "air made thick by nitrogen" instead of "air made thin by nitrogen". It could also be a even heavier gas. Note that advanced atomically precise materials would be A) self sealing against ambient air and truly floating in normal air. They would be B) much stronger that is they would return to their original shape after fully crushing them or fully stretching them to a dense state. A state in which they are very strong.		* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoCAxS4vqwQ Video showing some aerogel (SEAgel) floating in gas] according to the narrative the surrounding gas is pure nitrogen which is a tiny bit heavier than air. The trustworthiness of the narrative is questionable. They should have said "air made thick by nitrogen" instead of "air made thin by nitrogen". It could also be a even heavier gas. Note that advanced atomically precise materials would be A) self sealing against ambient air and truly floating in normal air. They would be B) much stronger that is they would return to their original shape after fully crushing them or fully stretching them to a dense state. A state in which they are very strong.

Apm: added section == Related ==

2023-11-08T06:36:28Z

added section == Related ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:36, 8 November 2023
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	Wire-frame structures are the lightest internal structures possible but do not compartmentalize the inner volume for accidental flooding protection.		Wire-frame structures are the lightest internal structures possible but do not compartmentalize the inner volume for accidental flooding protection.
	{{todo\|Investigate in how far compartmentalization can be added (no full wire-frame displacement) without making the structure to heavy to fly and lift}}		{{todo\|Investigate in how far compartmentalization can be added (no full wire-frame displacement) without making the structure to heavy to fly and lift}}

			== Related ==

			* [[Gem-gum balloon products]]
			* [[Atmospheric mesh]] {{speculativity warning}}

	== External links ==		== External links ==

	* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoCAxS4vqwQ Video showing some aerogel (SEAgel) floating in gas] according to the narrative the surrounding gas is pure nitrogen which is a tiny bit heavier than air. The trustworthiness of the narrative is questionable. They should have said "air made thick by nitrogen" instead of "air made thin by nitrogen". It could also be a even heavier gas. Note that advanced atomically precise materials would be A) self sealing against ambient air and truly floating in normal air. They would be B) much stronger that is they would return to their original shape after fully crushing them or fully stretching them to a dense state. A state in which they are very strong.		* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoCAxS4vqwQ Video showing some aerogel (SEAgel) floating in gas] according to the narrative the surrounding gas is pure nitrogen which is a tiny bit heavier than air. The trustworthiness of the narrative is questionable. They should have said "air made thick by nitrogen" instead of "air made thin by nitrogen". It could also be a even heavier gas. Note that advanced atomically precise materials would be A) self sealing against ambient air and truly floating in normal air. They would be B) much stronger that is they would return to their original shape after fully crushing them or fully stretching them to a dense state. A state in which they are very strong.