Isotope separation - Revision history

Apm: /* Related */ added link to yet unwritten page about Usage of isotopes

2020-11-05T18:25:25Z

Related: added link to yet unwritten page about Usage of isotopes

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:25, 5 November 2020
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	* [[Radiation damage]]		* [[Radiation damage]]
	* [[APM and nuclear technology]]		* [[APM and nuclear technology]]
			* [[Usage of isotopes]]

	== External links ==		== External links ==

Apm: /* Speculative applications */ linebreak & same link again

2017-08-20T12:23:23Z

Speculative applications: linebreak & same link again

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 20 August 2017
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	== Speculative applications ==		== Speculative applications ==

	Creating [[Ultra low noise environment\|ultra low radiation environments]].		Creating [[Ultra low noise environment\|ultra low radiation environments]].<br>
	By enriching non radioactive isotopes and using exclusively those to build up AP systems one can get rid of internal radiation sources.		By enriching non radioactive isotopes and using exclusively those to build up AP systems one can get rid of internal radiation sources.
	To get rid of high energy radiation coming from outside (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle]) big scale isolation facilities may be used. Mountains or in the extreme whole asteroids.		To get rid of high energy radiation coming from outside (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle]) big scale isolation facilities may be used. Mountains or in the extreme whole asteroids.
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	Related would be systems for the creation of unprecedented low temperatures to search for yet unkown aspects of (quantum) physics.		Related would be systems for the creation of unprecedented low temperatures to search for yet unkown aspects of (quantum) physics.

	~~ultra~~ high isolation experiments - makroscale superposition and entanglement		Related: [[Ultra low noise environment\|Ultra high isolation experiments]] e.g. for investigations in makroscale superposition and entanglement.

	== Related ==		== Related ==

Apm: /* Speculative applications */ added link to yet unwritten page Últra low noise environment

2017-08-20T12:20:09Z

Speculative applications: added link to yet unwritten page Últra low noise environment

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:20, 20 August 2017
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	== Speculative applications ==		== Speculative applications ==

	Creating ultra low radiation environments.		Creating [[Ultra low noise environment\|ultra low radiation environments]].
	By enriching non radioactive isotopes and using exclusively those to build up AP systems one can get rid of internal radiation sources.		By enriching non radioactive isotopes and using exclusively those to build up AP systems one can get rid of internal radiation sources.
	To get rid of high energy radiation coming from outside (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle]) big scale isolation facilities may be used. Mountains or in the extreme whole asteroids.		To get rid of high energy radiation coming from outside (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh-My-God_particle]) big scale isolation facilities may be used. Mountains or in the extreme whole asteroids.

Apm: /* Really bad consequences */ reordering; extensions; note on safety

2017-08-20T12:18:36Z

Really bad consequences: reordering; extensions; note on safety

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 20 August 2017
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	'''Don't panic!''' Premature and hasty alarmism may cause more damage than the actual problem.		'''Don't panic!''' Premature and hasty alarmism may cause more damage than the actual problem.
	For now check the [[poison\|page about Poisons]] for a minimal discussion on the actual degree of danger.		For now check the [[poison\|page about Poisons]] for a minimal discussion on the actual degree of danger.

			Not every radioactive isotope has a critical mass.
			The most abundant radioactive element leading before uranium is [[thorium]].
			Naturally found it consists mostly the isotope (<sup>232</sup>Th which has no critical mass.
			The isotope <sup>229</sup>Th which has a critical mass is contained only in a small fraction.

	Other radioactive element isotopes that have a critical mass could potentially be enriched to that point too.		Other radioactive element isotopes that have a critical mass could potentially be enriched to that point too.
	(Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_mass critical mass]).		(Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_mass critical mass]).
	The on average high dilutedness of natural radioactivity (e.g. in air, bananas and whatnot) may make that unpractical though.		The on average high dilutedness of natural radioactivity (e.g. in air, bananas and whatnot) may make that unpractical though
			despite the often rather low critical masses.

	~~Not every radioactive isotope has~~ a ~~critical mass~~.		Many of the more abundant heavier elements contain a significant fraction of isotopes. Some of them radioactive.
	~~The most abundant~~ radioactive ~~element is [[thorium]]~~. ~~Its mostly~~ the ~~isotope~~ (<~~sup>232</sup~~>~~Th which has no critical mass.~~		Leading the chart are the common potassium and the more (but not exceedingly) rare barium.<br>
	~~The isotope <sup>229</sup>Th with~~ critical mass ~~is contained only in a small fraction~~.		{{todo\|Find out what the most abundant and most accessible radioactive isotopes are that have a critical mass.}}

	~~Many of the more abundant heavier elements contain~~ a ~~significant fraction~~ of radioactive isotopes		What today is nuclear waste has by a large margin a higher concentration of light and heavy radioactive isotopes than natural sources (fission products & co). This stuff will need to be (kept) sealed away from individuals like as secure as today's gold reserves. Well, this stuff may already be sealed away at such security levels but the security will need to be kept at state of the art and maybe even increased. Whatever that means.
	~~Leading~~ the ~~chart are potassium~~ and ~~barium~~.
	~~{{todo\|find out what the most abundant and most acessible radioactive isotopes are~~ that ~~have a critical mass}}~~

	Other stuff that could be enriched for whatever reason: <sup>14</sup>C, ...		Other stuff that could be enriched for whatever reason: <sup>14</sup>C, ...

Apm: improved headline hierarchy

2017-08-20T12:02:20Z

improved headline hierarchy

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 20 August 2017
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	While Its nice to get rid of all the radioactivity in your breathing air you simultaneously collect high levels of radioactivity in your collection device. High level radiation sources are emerging. Those could be misused by dangerous individuals (security risk).		While Its nice to get rid of all the radioactivity in your breathing air you simultaneously collect high levels of radioactivity in your collection device. High level radiation sources are emerging. Those could be misused by dangerous individuals (security risk).

	== Really bad consequences ==		=== Really bad consequences ===

	There's plenty of Uranium ore around.		There's plenty of Uranium ore around.

Apm: /* Good consequences */ major extensions

2017-08-20T12:01:27Z

Good consequences: major extensions

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:01, 20 August 2017
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	== Good consequences ==		== Good consequences ==

			=== Cleaning air and food ===

	Indoor air can be cleaned from (hopefully only naturally occurring) radioactive contents like radon - a noble gas.		Indoor air can be cleaned from (hopefully only naturally occurring) radioactive contents like radon - a noble gas.
			Spill from nuclear fission accidents like iodine-131, caesium-134 and caesium-137 accumulate in dust too.

	If there's radioactive dust particles in the air they collect in air filters.		If there's radioactive dust particles in the air they collect in air filters.
	Those dust particles could be evaporated ~~and splitting~~ and radioactive atoms ~~captured~~.		Those dust particles could be evaporated or dissolved (preferably micro-chambers) and radioactive atoms could be brought under control (converted to [[trapped free particle]]s / brought into [[machine phase]]) and separated according to type (element, isotope, nuclear excitation state). Bringing back unordered matter into ordered one is one of the harder problems for APM. See: "[[Atomically precise disassembly]]". Similar problem to [[mining]] of the lithosphere.
	~~Spill from~~ nuclear ~~fission accidents~~ like ~~iodine~~-~~131, caesium~~-~~134~~ and ~~caesium~~-~~137 accumulate in dust too~~.
			=== Sayonara to nuclear waste ===

			Getting rid terminally of all the nuclear waste via nuclear transmutation really may become possible.

			The process of transmutation is basically about converting radioactive elements to non-radioactive ones faster than they would decay naturally by irradiating them with other forms of radioactivity.
			This process would technically be possible even with today's crude non AP technology like the recently revived old thorium reactor concepts. (Transmutation will work even better with the massive amounts of neutrons once fusion reactors start working.)

			* A real fuel cycle with zero exhaust instead of today's pseudo-"cycle".

			The real unsolved problem where non AP technology is bound to fundamentally fail is chemical and especially isotopic separation of the fission products without contamination more and more material and spilling some too.

			The isotope separation capability of gem-gum technology would allow to solve the core problem here. Instead of separating with the usual chemical rations (often as low as 10:1) and having the non radioactive stuff still being nuclear waste one can seperate with digital bit error ratios where the non radioactive stuff coming out has far lower radiactivity than even natural background radiation.

			Additionally before and after separation one can have an atomically tight (atomically here in the chemical sense as always on this wiki) fuel cycle not releasing a single tritium atom even in the most volatile hydrogen gas form.
			* Mechanically safe intermediate short term storage containers (high radiation robust amorphous/metamict inner radiation absorber lining & highly mechanically resilient but more radiation sensitive gem-gem metamaterial shell.)
			* Although then not necessary anymore: Ultra long storage container stability via active self repair. (See pages: "[[Disaster proof]]" and "[[Artificial life]]").

	~~Waste disposing transmutation of nuclear waste becomes possible. See~~: [[APM and nuclear technology]].		For more info check out the main article: "[[APM and nuclear technology]]".

	== Bad consequences ==		== Bad consequences ==

Apm: /* Good consequences */ added missing word air

2017-08-20T10:50:40Z

Good consequences: added missing word air

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:50, 20 August 2017
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	Indoor air can be cleaned from (hopefully only naturally occurring) radioactive contents like radon - a noble gas.		Indoor air can be cleaned from (hopefully only naturally occurring) radioactive contents like radon - a noble gas.
	If there's radioactive dust particles in the they collect in air filters.		If there's radioactive dust particles in the air they collect in air filters.
	Those dust particles could be evaporated and splitting and radioactive atoms captured.		Those dust particles could be evaporated and splitting and radioactive atoms captured.
	Spill from nuclear fission accidents like iodine-131, caesium-134 and caesium-137 accumulate in dust too.		Spill from nuclear fission accidents like iodine-131, caesium-134 and caesium-137 accumulate in dust too.

Apm: added section: = Isotope separation in normal operation of advanced gem-gum factories =

2017-08-20T10:49:44Z

added section: = Isotope separation in normal operation of advanced gem-gum factories =

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:49, 20 August 2017
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	* deflection in E & B fields - densely packed mass spectrometers (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry])		* deflection in E & B fields - densely packed mass spectrometers (Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry])
	* necessary centripetal force while spinning		* necessary centripetal force while spinning
			* ...

	== Limits of the separation capability ==		== Limits of the separation capability ==
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	This is related to the topic of "[[trapped free particles]]".		This is related to the topic of "[[trapped free particles]]".

			= Isotope separation in normal operation of advanced gem-gum factories =

			{{todo\|Compare the damage rates stemming from radiation caused by decays of built in atoms to the damage rates stemming from external terrestrial and external cosmic radiation.}}<br>

			[[Radiation damage]] rates with in advanced gem-gum products and factories will be manageable. (Some info in [[Nanosystems]]: 6.6. Radiation damage)

			* Checking every single atom on radioactivity before usage would very likely sow down the production process noticeably.
			* Checking every single atom on radioactivity before usage may not provide much benefit in most practical applications located in earth's average background radiation. (To confirm ...).

			If these guesses are right advanced [[gem-gum factory\| gem-gum factories]] will not check the used atoms individually for radioactivity in normal usage situations. (Specialized [[synthesis of food\|food synthesis devices]] might be an exception)

			(Note: "radioactive" atoms are not permanently radioactive. They are dormant waiting to release a radiation "particle" with some constant likelihood per time interval. When they've released this "particle" they may or may not become an other element and they may or may not become non-radioactive.)

			In ultra low radiation environments (where even the massive shielding material has been filtered atom by atom)
			filtering atom by atom will likely be very beneficial for [[Ultra low noise environment\|some exotic experiments]].
			The theoretical extension of product lifetime due to lower radiation induced damage rate caused by the exclusion of radioactive atoms and shielding against external radiation is likely irrelevant since the normal levels can be covered by active self repair anyways.

	= Effects of the isotope separation capability =		= Effects of the isotope separation capability =
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	There's plenty of Uranium ore around.		There's plenty of Uranium ore around.
	What prevents small groups or even individuals from making nuclear bombs is mainly the difficulty of separating the fissile Uranium-235 from the fertile Uranium-238. Currently (2016) the most efficient method to do this is with very large multi stage centrifuge plants. Problematically this kind of isotope separation capability might become desktop scale with atomically precise technology. Obviously this should be regulated. But can it be [[regulation\|regulated]]?		What prevents small groups or even individuals from making nuclear bombs is mainly the difficulty of separating the fissile Uranium-235 from the fertile Uranium-238. Currently (2016) the most efficient method to do this is with very large multi stage centrifuge plants. Problematically this kind of isotope separation capability might become desktop scale with atomically precise technology. Obviously this should be regulated. But can it be [[regulation\|regulated]]?
			'''Don't panic!''' Premature and hasty alarmism may cause more damage than the actual problem.
			For now check the [[poison\|page about Poisons]] for a minimal discussion on the actual degree of danger.

	Other radioactive element isotopes that have a critical mass could potentially be enriched to that point too.		Other radioactive element isotopes that have a critical mass could potentially be enriched to that point too.
	[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_mass critical mass]		(Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_mass critical mass]).
	The on average high dilutedness of natural radioactivity (e.g. in air, bananas and whatnot) may make that unpractical though.		The on average high dilutedness of natural radioactivity (e.g. in air, bananas and whatnot) may make that unpractical though.

Apm: made external links section

2017-08-20T09:42:27Z

made external links section

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:42, 20 August 2017
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	* [[Radiation damage]]		* [[Radiation damage]]
	* [[APM and nuclear technology]]		* [[APM and nuclear technology]]
	* Uranium can be drawn from sea water [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining]
			== External links ==

			* Wikipedia: Uranium can be drawn from sea water [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining]

	[[Category:Technology level III]]		[[Category:Technology level III]]

Apm: /* Related */ added link to Radiation damage

2017-08-20T09:39:38Z

Related: added link to Radiation damage

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:39, 20 August 2017
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	== Related ==		== Related ==

			* [[Radiation damage]]
	* [[APM and nuclear technology]]		* [[APM and nuclear technology]]
	* Uranium can be drawn from sea water [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining]		* Uranium can be drawn from sea water [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining]

	[[Category:Technology level III]]		[[Category:Technology level III]]