Gemstone-like molecular element - Revision history

Apm: Category:Far term target

2026-03-29T17:12:15Z

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	[[Category:Technology level III]]		[[Category:Technology level III]]

			[[Category:Far term target]]

Apm: /* Related / added '''Design of crystolecules'''

2025-11-26T08:59:41Z

Related: added * '''Design of crystolecules'''

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	* '''[[Terminology for parts]]'''		* '''[[Terminology for parts]]'''
			* '''[[Design of crystolecules]]'''
	* For components at different size scales see: [[Components]]		* For components at different size scales see: [[Components]]
	* [[Stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]]		* [[Stroboscopic illusion in crystolecule animations]]

Apm: many typofixes

2025-08-21T13:09:07Z

many typofixes

Apm: many typofixes

2025-08-21T13:03:04Z

many typofixes

Apm: many typofixes

2025-08-21T12:57:28Z

many typofixes

Apm: /* Exotic focus (salts, metals, …) */ a lot of type fixes

2025-08-21T12:49:14Z

Exotic focus (salts, metals, …): a lot of type fixes

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	Use of [[pure metals and metal alloys]] is limitedly suitable for crystolecules for a number of reasons.		Use of [[pure metals and metal alloys]] is limitedly suitable for crystolecules for a number of reasons.
	* Mechanical sliding interfaces can't be done with blank metal on metal surfaces due to [[seamless metallic welding]] on contact. Also surfaces are likely ~~hard~~ to passivate (for allowing sliding interfaces that way) due to the catalytic ~~natue~~ of metals. A full gemstone layer may suffice (possibly oxidic) but that just goes back to gemstones. Structural applications are less problematic but face issues too.		* Mechanical sliding interfaces can't be done with blank metal on metal surfaces due to [[seamless metallic welding]] on contact. Also, surfaces are likely difficult to passivate (for allowing sliding interfaces that way) due to the catalytic nature of metals. A full gemstone layer may suffice (possibly oxidic) but that just goes back to gemstones. Structural applications are less problematic but face issues too.
	* Metallic bonds with free electron gas are not directed like covalent bonds and sort of more "slippery". High performance gemstones are notably stronger especially when sticking with ones choice to [[abundant elements]]. Best of todays steels will pale compared to say [[superelastic]] sapphire based [[gem-gum]]. Also (gemstone typical) full breakage might be a ~~preferrable~~ digital yes/no failure mode over (metal typical) plastic deformations.		* Metallic bonds with free electron gas are not directed like covalent bonds and sort of more "slippery". High performance gemstones are notably stronger especially when sticking with ones choice to [[abundant elements]]. Best of todays steels will pale compared to say [[superelastic]] sapphire based [[gem-gum]]. Also (gemstone typical) full breakage might be a preferable digital yes/no failure mode over (metal typical) plastic deformations.
	* Metal ad-atoms on metal surfaces tend to [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_diffusion diffuse] away from where they have been deposited. Likely ok with sticking fo flat surfaces during crystolecule usage and with sticking with [[mechanosynthesis]] at sufficiently deep cryo temperatures in fabrication.		* Metal ad-atoms on metal surfaces tend to [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_diffusion diffuse] away from where they have been deposited. Likely ok with sticking fo flat surfaces during crystolecule usage and with sticking with [[mechanosynthesis]] at sufficiently deep cryo temperatures in fabrication.

	* Usage of salts like gemstones should be face less issues than metals structurally in limited scale. Flawless nanoparts will be [[superelastic]] but interlocking to make large scale [[gem-gum]] faces the issue of [[seamless ionic welding]].		* Usage of salts like gemstones should be face less issues than metals structurally in limited scale. Flawless nanoparts will be [[superelastic]] but interlocking to make large scale [[gem-gum]] faces the issue of [[seamless ionic welding]].
	* Salt like gemstones (just like metals) can't be passivated well for sliding interfaces. Salt like ~~gemstomes~~ as base material are thus likely mostly useful for structural framework purposes. Possible exception: Enforced ~~nonbonding~~ spacing may allow to play some tricks with discretely notches motion.		* Salt like gemstones (just like metals) can't be passivated well for sliding interfaces. Salt like gemstones as base material are thus likely mostly useful for structural framework purposes. Possible exception: Enforced non-bonding spacing may allow to play some tricks with discretely notches motion.

	= How crystolecules will be made and used =		= How crystolecules will be made and used =

Apm: /* Soft criteria: */

2025-08-21T12:47:50Z

Soft criteria:

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	★ Diamond crystolecules are '''produced via [[force applying mechanosynthesis]]'''. There seems to be no other viable way to make diamond ones. <br>		★ Diamond crystolecules are '''produced via [[force applying mechanosynthesis]]'''. There seems to be no other viable way to make diamond ones. <br>
	★ Crystolecules are generally produced via mechanosynthesis/mechanochemistry or <br>for some (not all) gemstones that are [[cook mix and stir]] in solvent crystallizable a method of [[in nano-mold crystallization]] may be an option. <br>Limits on atomic precision of surfaces are still unclear, early methods will yield rather bad crystolecules to the point of questionability of calling them crystolecules. <br>		★ Crystolecules are generally produced via mechanosynthesis/mechanochemistry or <br>for some (not all) gemstones that are [[cook mix and stir]] in solvent crystallizable a method of [[in nano-mold crystallization]] may be an option. <br>Limits on atomic precision of surfaces are still unclear, early methods will yield rather bad crystolecules to the point of questionability of calling them crystolecules. <br>
	Some may not even be releasable from he mold.		Some may not even be releasable from the mold.

	== Reactive crystolecules – subsumed edge case ==		== Reactive crystolecules – subsumed edge case ==

Apm: /* Hard criteria: */

2025-08-21T12:47:30Z

Hard criteria:

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	★ Crystolecules, '''like macroscale crystals''', have a '''crystalline internal structure''' (it is allowed to be strained, stressed, and feature fully intentional and atomically precise "defect" like structures. (A more fitting name might be "perfections" maybe?) <br>		★ Crystolecules, '''like macroscale crystals''', have a '''crystalline internal structure''' (it is allowed to be strained, stressed, and feature fully intentional and atomically precise "defect" like structures. (A more fitting name might be "perfections" maybe?) <br>
	★ Crystolecules, '''like nanoscale molecules''', have both a '''finite, and atomically precisely intentionally defined outer shape''' i.e. surfaces, edges, corners. (Surfaces may feature intentional atomically precise surface reconstructions.) <br>		★ Crystolecules, '''like nanoscale molecules''', have both a '''finite, and atomically precisely intentionally defined outer shape''' i.e. surfaces, edges, corners. (Surfaces may feature intentional atomically precise surface reconstructions.) <br>
	★ Crystolecules are '''structural and monolithic''', [[molecular machine elements]] with moving parts ~~muts cintain~~ more than one [[crystolecules]] (excluding flexures).		★ Crystolecules are '''structural and monolithic''', [[molecular machine elements]] with moving parts must contain more than one [[crystolecules]] (excluding flexures).

	== Soft criteria: ==		== Soft criteria: ==

Apm: /* History of this page */

2025-08-21T12:47:01Z

History of this page

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	So let's use the term '''"crystolecule"''' as a portmanteau. <br>		So let's use the term '''"crystolecule"''' as a portmanteau. <br>

	With time this page amassed a lot of discussion ~~rgarding~~ <br>		With time this page amassed a lot of discussion regarding <br>
	the choice of terminology and refinement on the definition. <br>		the choice of terminology and refinement on the definition. <br>
	What was later eventually worked out into the extensive definition here. <br>		What was later eventually worked out into the extensive definition here. <br>

Apm: /* Beware of the stroboscopic illusion */

2025-08-21T12:46:41Z

Beware of the stroboscopic illusion

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	Way above speeds that were actually proposed for productive nanosystems (mm/s).		Way above speeds that were actually proposed for productive nanosystems (mm/s).
	So there is jelly like wobble visible that would be the rare exception rather than the norm in nanomachine operation.		So there is jelly like wobble visible that would be the rare exception rather than the norm in nanomachine operation.
	Exception: Rare high ~~enegry~~ [[snaps]]. Norm [[steady state near reversible operation]].		Exception: Rare high energy [[snaps]]. Norm [[steady state near reversible operation]].

	At proposed speeds gemstone like molecular machine elements with sliding interfaces will work exceptionally well. <br>		At proposed speeds gemstone like molecular machine elements with sliding interfaces will work exceptionally well. <br>

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	'''add the strong requirement of true full atomic precision, particularly the edges'''. <br>		'''add the strong requirement of true full atomic precision, particularly the edges'''. <br>

	Nanotubolecules & ~~graphenoloecules~~''' <br>		Nanotubolecules & graphenolecules''' <br>
	may stretch the concept of crystolecules a bit to 2D & 1D crystals <br>		may stretch the concept of crystolecules a bit to 2D & 1D crystals <br>
	and to inclusion of lower stiffness structures (due to their typical high aspect ratios). <br>		and to inclusion of lower stiffness structures (due to their typical high aspect ratios). <br>
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	Future more advanced mechanosynthesis may eventually <br>		Future more advanced mechanosynthesis may eventually <br>
	[[in place mechanosynthesize]] fused structures that contain both … <br>		[[in place mechanosynthesize]] fused structures that contain both … <br>
	– 3D structures made ~~form~~ sp3 carbon and <br>		– 3D structures made from sp3 carbon and <br>
	– 2D structures made from sp2 carbon (including rolled up to 1D) <br>		– 2D structures made from sp2 carbon (including rolled up to 1D) <br>
	Unless the sp2 part is dominant the resulting structures are best called just crystolecules. <br>		Unless the sp2 part is dominant the resulting structures are best called just crystolecules. <br>
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	Unlike crystolecules graphenolecules can (as of 2025) be synthesized <br>		Unlike crystolecules graphenolecules can (as of 2025) be synthesized <br>
	via [[cook mix and stir thermodynamic synthesis]]. <br>		via [[cook mix and stir thermodynamic synthesis]]. <br>
	Via [[step wise synthesis]] followed by [[on surface ~~syntesis~~]] ([[cyclodehydrogenation]]) to be precise. <br>		Via [[step wise synthesis]] followed by [[on surface synthesis]] ([[cyclodehydrogenation]]) to be precise. <br>
	The crucial thing here is the presence of [[termination control]] <br>		The crucial thing here is the presence of [[termination control]] <br>
	and some means to pick out the truly atomically precise products. <br>		and some means to pick out the truly atomically precise products. <br>
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	Well, not fully consistently ATM: [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] <br>		Well, not fully consistently ATM: [[Diamondoid crystolecular machine element]] <br>

	~~Sectuion~~ possibly deprecated due to too many (eight) naming possibilities. <br>		Section possibly deprecated due to too many (eight) naming possibilities. <br>
	(~~Diamindoid~~\|Gem-based)(Molecular\|~~Cystolecular~~)(~~Strutcural~~\|Machine)Element		(Diamondoid\|Gem-based)(Molecular\|Crystolecular)(Structural\|Machine)Element

	= Base material =		= Base material =
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	Of especially high interest are [[diamond]], its hexagonal version called [[lonsdaleite]], and [[diamond like compounds]]. <br>		Of especially high interest are [[diamond]], its hexagonal version called [[lonsdaleite]], and [[diamond like compounds]]. <br>
	Many semiconductors fall in this class too. <br>		Many semiconductors fall in this class too. <br>
	As of 2025 other ~~compound~~ still remain largely unexplored for use as crystolecules. <br>		As of 2025 other compounds still remain largely unexplored for use as crystolecules. <br>

	A subset of crystolecules (or [[gemstone-like molecular element]]s) are <br>		A subset of crystolecules (or [[gemstone-like molecular element]]s) are <br>
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	See page: [[Why natural chemistry can not be used to make crystolecules]]		See page: [[Why natural chemistry can not be used to make crystolecules]]

	[[Mechanosynthesis]] can ~~started~~ to be prototyped today 2025 with [[scanning probe microscopy]] technology. <br>		[[Mechanosynthesis]] can start to be prototyped today 2025 with [[scanning probe microscopy]] technology. <br>
	This does not cover scaling yet. For that see page: [[Bootstrapping]]		This does not cover scaling yet. For that see page: [[Bootstrapping]]

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	See page: [[Seamless covalent welding]] <br>		See page: [[Seamless covalent welding]] <br>
	Any form of non-bonded assembly ([[form closure]],[[vdW force]], [[clipping]], …) <br>		Any form of non-bonded assembly ([[form closure]],[[vdW force]], [[clipping]], …) <br>
	is not subsumed here but in subsumed in the next section.		is not subsumed here but is subsumed in the next section.

	== From crystolecules to their assemblies ==		== From crystolecules to their assemblies ==
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	'''Why the strobe effect?''' <br>		'''Why the strobe effect?''' <br>
	To make the machine motion visible in a movie despite them being slow ~~compares~~ to the thermal motions		To make the machine motion visible in a movie despite them being slow compared to the thermal motions
	many molecular dynamics simulation frames are dropped and only a few are taken as movie frames.		many molecular dynamics simulation frames are dropped and only a few are taken as movie frames.
	Thus in the movie the atoms are at a random point in their wiggle cycle at each movie frame making them jump around erratically at e.g. at gif file frame rate.		Thus in the movie the atoms are at a random point in their wiggle cycle at each movie frame making them jump around erratically at e.g. at gif file frame rate.

	'''How to fix the strobe effect?''' <br>		'''How to fix the strobe effect?''' <br>
	Averaging atom positions for the merged simulation frames and increasing apparent size based on their momentary wiggle amplitude would be ~~a n~~ easy huge improvement. Blurring and following even thermal torsional motion of H atoms on OH groups more advanced possibilities.		Averaging atom positions for the merged simulation frames and increasing apparent size based on their momentary wiggle amplitude would be an easy huge improvement. Blurring and following even thermal torsional motion of H atoms on OH groups more advanced possibilities.

	'''What else is misleading?''' <br>		'''What else is misleading?''' <br>
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	----		----

	{{wikitodo\|This ~~secton~~ is a bit redundant with the definition, maybe to clean up later.}}		{{wikitodo\|This section is a bit redundant with the definition, maybe to clean up later.}}

	Specifically ~~lets~~ use the term "crystolecule" for ones that are typically are:		Specifically let's use the term "crystolecule" for ones that are typically are:
	* small – stiff – minimal		* small – stiff – minimal
	* structural		* structural

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	[[File:Tetrapod-openconnects display large square.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Here is a rather small structural [[diamondoid]] [[crystolecule]] with some bonds (brighter red) intentionally left [[Nanoscale surface passivation\|open/dangling/unpassivated]]. A [[crystolecule fragment]]. Such [[surface interface]]s can be fused together via [[seamless covalent welding]] in the [[second assembly level]] and perhaps higher assembly levels.]]		[[File:Tetrapod-openconnects display large square.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Here is a rather small structural [[diamondoid]] [[crystolecule]] with some bonds (brighter red) intentionally being left [[Nanoscale surface passivation\|open/dangling/unpassivated]]. A [[crystolecule fragment]]. Such [[surface interface]]s can be fused together via [[seamless covalent welding]] in the [[second assembly level]] and perhaps higher assembly levels.]]

	[[File:atomistic acetylene sorting pump model.jpg\|frame\|A proposed [[acetylene sorting pump]]. This is a larger [[diamondoid machine element]] (DME). Possibly assembled from several pre-produced smaller [[diamondoid crystolecule]]s. The frame is one big monolithic crystolecule (it may be fused together via [[seamless covalent welding]] during assembly). Other parts are smaller independent crystolecules that may be [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis\|mechanosynthesized]] fully passivated as a whole and integrated as a whole without any seamless welding.]]		[[File:atomistic acetylene sorting pump model.jpg\|frame\|A proposed [[acetylene sorting pump]]. This is a larger [[diamondoid machine element]] (DME). Possibly assembled from several pre-produced smaller [[diamondoid crystolecule]]s. The frame is one big monolithic crystolecule (it may be fused together via [[seamless covalent welding]] during assembly). Other parts are smaller independent crystolecules that may be [[piezochemical mechanosynthesis\|mechanosynthesized]] fully passivated as a whole and integrated as a whole without any seamless welding.]]
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	These are not strictly necessary but corroborate the crystolecule status. <br>		These are not strictly necessary but corroborate the crystolecule status. <br>
	If these requirements are not met it does not mean it is not a crystolecule. <br>		If these requirements are not met it does not mean it is not a crystolecule. <br>
	★ Crystolecules '''usually but not always''' feature an atomically precise monolayer (or near monolayer) '''surface ~~passivization~~''' such that they feature [[mechanical stability]], [[thermal stability]], [[chemical stability]], and other (electrical optical, …) overall only necessarily sufficient for their intended purpose. Encapsulated crystolecules e.g. need not be stable to air. See: [[Fruit interior analogy]]. <br>		★ Crystolecules '''usually but not always''' feature an atomically precise monolayer (or near monolayer) '''surface passivation''' such that they feature [[mechanical stability]], [[thermal stability]], [[chemical stability]], and other (electrical optical, …) overall only necessarily sufficient for their intended purpose. Encapsulated crystolecules e.g. need not be stable to air. See: [[Fruit interior analogy]]. <br>
	★ Crystolecules '''usually but not always''' are created to '''fulfill a specific structural function''' as whole of (or part of) a structural element, or structural part of a machine element of various kind, (mechanical, electrical, plasmonic). Exceptions: crystolecules in recycling storage, somehow broken crystolecules, mechanosynthesis capability demonstrations (like test-prints), failed prototypes, … <br>		★ Crystolecules '''usually but not always''' are created to '''fulfill a specific structural function''' as whole of (or part of) a structural element, or structural part of a machine element of various kind, (mechanical, electrical, plasmonic). Exceptions: crystolecules in recycling storage, somehow broken crystolecules, mechanosynthesis capability demonstrations (like test-prints), failed prototypes, … <br>
	★ Crystolecules '''usually but not always''' are in their size '''at the lowermost physical size limit''' to fulfill their function.<br>		★ Crystolecules '''usually but not always''' are in their size '''at the lowermost physical size limit''' to fulfill their function.<br>
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	Absence of surface passivation would make the more exotic crystolecules unstable in air or water. <br>		Absence of surface passivation would make the more exotic crystolecules unstable in air or water. <br>
	Future larger scale [[crystolecule]] ~~nased~~ systems will be able to provide ~~excelent vaccum~~ ([[PPV]]) though. <br>		Future larger scale [[crystolecule]] based systems will be able to provide excellent vacuum ([[PPV]]) though. <br>
	Even if passivatable some faces may intentionally left unpassivated for [[seamless covalent welding]]. <br>		Even if passivatable some faces may intentionally be left unpassivated for [[seamless covalent welding]]. <br>

	= Grey zone of definition =		= Grey zone of definition =
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	Same as crystolecules just that <br>		Same as crystolecules just that <br>
	the internal structure in not crystalline but [[pseudoamorphous]] <br>		the internal structure is not crystalline but [[pseudoamorphous]] <br>
	i.e. it looks random but it is actually very intentional. <br>		i.e. it looks random but it is actually very intentional. <br>
	e.g. the result of an optimization process. <br>		e.g. the result of an optimization process. <br>
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	'''Nanotubes & (nano)graphenes''' (as 2D sheet or 1D nanoribboins)''': <br>		'''Nanotubes & (nano)graphenes''' (as 2D sheet or 1D nanoribboins)''': <br>
	These existing established concepts do not strongly ~~reqire~~ atomically precise terminations at their edges <br>		These existing established concepts do not strongly require atomically precise terminations at their edges <br>
	thus they '''can't be counted as-is to crystolecules''' <br>		thus they '''can't be counted as-is to crystolecules''' <br>
	despite fitting other requirements like being crystalline <br>		despite fitting other requirements like being crystalline <br>
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	* Usage of salts like gemstones should face fewer issues than metals structurally in limited scale. Flawless nanoparts will be [[superelastic]] but interlocking to make large scale [[gem-gum]] faces the issue of [[seamless ionic welding]].		* Usage of salts like gemstones should face fewer issues than metals structurally in limited scale. Flawless nanoparts will be [[superelastic]] but interlocking to make large scale [[gem-gum]] faces the issue of [[seamless ionic welding]].
	* Salt like gemstones (just like metals) can't be passivated well for sliding interfaces. Salt like gemstones as base material are thus likely mostly useful for structural framework purposes. Possible exception: Enforced non-bonding spacing may allow to play some tricks with ~~discretely notches~~ motion.		* Salt like gemstones (just like metals) can't be passivated well for sliding interfaces. Salt like gemstones as base material are thus likely mostly useful for structural framework purposes. Possible exception: Enforced non-bonding spacing may allow to play some tricks with discrete notched motion.

	= How crystolecules will be made and used =		= How crystolecules will be made and used =
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	'''Why the strobe effect?''' <br>		'''Why the strobe effect?''' <br>
	To make the machine motion visible in a movie despite them being slow compares to the ~~termal~~ motions		To make the machine motion visible in a movie despite them being slow compares to the thermal motions
	many molecular dynamics simulation frames are dropped and only a few are taken as movie frames.		many molecular dynamics simulation frames are dropped and only a few are taken as movie frames.
	Thus in the movie the atoms are at a random point in their wiggle cycle at each movie frame making them jump around ~~erratcially~~ at e.g. at gif file frame rate.		Thus in the movie the atoms are at a random point in their wiggle cycle at each movie frame making them jump around erratically at e.g. at gif file frame rate.

	'''How fo fix the strobe effect?''' <br>		'''How to fix the strobe effect?''' <br>
	Averaging atom positions for the merged simulation frames and increasing apparent size based on their momentary wiggle amplitude would be a n easy huge improvement. Blurring and following even thermal torsional motion of H atoms on OH groups more ~~advances~~ possibilities.		Averaging atom positions for the merged simulation frames and increasing apparent size based on their momentary wiggle amplitude would be a n easy huge improvement. Blurring and following even thermal torsional motion of H atoms on OH groups more advanced possibilities.

	'''What else is misleading?''' <br>		'''What else is misleading?''' <br>
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	{\| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;"		{\| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;"
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''well animated bearing''' <br> The fast thermal vibrations are more realistically blurred out. The remaining localized periodic average deformations (visible here if one looks closely) are highly reversible. (See page ~~abbout~~ "[[superlubrication]]".)		\|'''well animated bearing''' <br> The fast thermal vibrations are more realistically blurred out. The remaining localized periodic average deformations (visible here if one looks closely) are highly reversible. (See page about "[[superlubrication]]".)
	\|'''badly animated bearing''' <br> The present stroboscopic effect can be misleading in that friction is likely to be grossly overestimated. It deceivingly looks like as if the operating speed would be close to the speed of the thermal vibration. If that ~~where~~ the case it indeed would cause massive friction (strong coupling of motions with similar frequency).		\|'''badly animated bearing''' <br> The present stroboscopic effect can be misleading in that friction is likely to be grossly overestimated. It deceivingly looks like as if the operating speed would be close to the speed of the thermal vibration. If that were the case it indeed would cause massive friction (strong coupling of motions with similar frequency).
	\|-		\|-
	\| [[File:SmallBearingSmoothAnimation.gif\|right\|DMME - bearing with blurred out fast vibrations]]		\| [[File:SmallBearingSmoothAnimation.gif\|right\|DMME - bearing with blurred out fast vibrations]]
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	{{wikitodo\|This secton is a bit redundant with the definition, maybe to clean up later.}}		{{wikitodo\|This secton is a bit redundant with the definition, maybe to clean up later.}}

	~~Specificall~~ lets use the term "crystolecule" for ones that are typically are:		Specifically lets use the term "crystolecule" for ones that are typically are:
	* small – stiff – minimal		* small – stiff – minimal
	* structural		* structural

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	Thus here we'll introduce the novel terms <br>		Thus here we'll introduce the novel terms <br>
	'''nanotubolecules & ~~graphenoloecules~~''' (matching to the term "crystolecule") that <br>		'''nanotubolecules & graphenolecules''' (matching to the term "crystolecule") that <br>
	'''add the strong ~~requirent~~ of true full atomic precision, particularly the edges'''. <br>		'''add the strong requirement of true full atomic precision, particularly the edges'''. <br>

	Nanotubolecules & graphenoloecules''' <br>		Nanotubolecules & graphenoloecules''' <br>
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	Unlike crystolecules graphenolecules can (as of 2025) be synthesized <br>		Unlike crystolecules graphenolecules can (as of 2025) be synthesized <br>
	via [[cook mix and stir thermodynamic synthesis]]. <br>		via [[cook mix and stir thermodynamic synthesis]]. <br>
	Via [[step wise synthesis]] followed by [[on surface ~~syntehesis~~]] ([[cyclodehydrogenation]]) to be precise. <br>		Via [[step wise synthesis]] followed by [[on surface syntesis]] ([[cyclodehydrogenation]]) to be precise. <br>
	The crucial thing here is the presence of [[termination control]] <br>		The crucial thing here is the presence of [[termination control]] <br>
	and some means to pick out the truly atomically precise products. <br>		and some means to pick out the truly atomically precise products. <br>
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	== Delineation from [[nanoparticle]]s ==		== Delineation from [[nanoparticle]]s ==

	Nanoparticles are literally any stuff falling in the ~~naoscale~~ size class <1000nm. <br>		Nanoparticles are literally any stuff falling in the nanoscale size class <1000nm. <br>
	'''~~Nanopartilces~~ are a much more broad concept than crystolecules.''' <br>		'''Nanoparticles are a much more broad concept than crystolecules.''' <br>

	The main concern with nanoparticles is of them being free floating and a health hazard. <br>		The main concern with nanoparticles is of them being free floating and a health hazard. <br>
	With dedicated efforts ~~crytolecules~~ could eventually be made into one form of free nanoparticles. <br>		With dedicated efforts crystolecules could eventually be made into one form of free nanoparticles. <br>
	But such efforts are not needed for getting towards [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s. <br>		But such efforts are not needed for getting towards [[advanced productive nanosystem]]s. <br>

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	Crystolecules must not be confused with nanoscale crystals out of folded up polypeptide molecules aka proteins. <br>		Crystolecules must not be confused with nanoscale crystals out of folded up polypeptide molecules aka proteins. <br>
	Crystals of proteins may seem weird when ~~firts~~ encountered. <br>		Crystals of proteins may seem weird when first encountered. <br>
	Micro- to macroscale protein crystals are made today to find the locations of their constituent atoms using X-ray diffraction. <br>		Micro- to macroscale protein crystals are made today to find the locations of their constituent atoms using X-ray diffraction. <br>

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	Generally crystolecules and [[crystolecular unit]]s will be made from [[gemstone like compound]]s. <br>		Generally crystolecules and [[crystolecular unit]]s will be made from [[gemstone like compound]]s. <br>
	One subclass already investigated a bit in molecular detail are the [[crystolecular unit]]s made from [[diamondoid like compound]].		One subclass already investigated a bit in molecular detail are the [[crystolecular unit]]s made from [[diamondoid like compound]].
	Specifically some ones made from [[diamond]] and [[moissanite]] ~~where~~ investigated.		Specifically some ones made from [[diamond]] and [[moissanite]] were investigated.
	See: '''[[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]].'''		See: '''[[Examples of diamondoid molecular machine elements]].'''

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	Note that this classification is orthogonal to the distinction between <br>		Note that this classification is orthogonal to the distinction between <br>
	single monolithic crystolecule ~and~ crystolecular unit. <br>		single monolithic crystolecule ~and~ crystolecular unit. <br>
	{{Wikitodo\|Make a graphic with a 2x2 ~~marix~~ showing example cases. tetrpod, flexstage/flexgripper/flexhinge, ReChain, bearing/pumps}} <br>		{{Wikitodo\|Make a graphic with a 2x2 matrix showing example cases. tetrpod, flexstage/flexgripper/flexhinge, ReChain, bearing/pumps}} <br>

	~~Diamndoid~~ or gemstone-based molecular elements (DMEs/GMEs) may come as both. <br>		Diamondoid or gemstone-based molecular elements (DMEs/GMEs) may come as both. <br>
	* Structural elements may lean to the smaller monolithic ~~crystlecule~~ side <br>(exception e.g. [[ReChain frame systems]] as have slidingly movable elements and decent complexity)		* Structural elements may lean to the smaller monolithic crystolecule side <br>(exception e.g. [[ReChain frame systems]] as have slidingly movable elements and decent complexity)
	* Machine elements will be crystolecular units (except for ~~momolithic~~ flexures).		* Machine elements will be crystolecular units (except for monolithic flexures).

	Let's use:		Let's use:
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	Of especially high interest are [[diamond]], its hexagonal version called [[lonsdaleite]], and [[diamond like compounds]]. <br>		Of especially high interest are [[diamond]], its hexagonal version called [[lonsdaleite]], and [[diamond like compounds]]. <br>
	Many ~~semiconductiors~~ fall in this class too. <br>		Many semiconductors fall in this class too. <br>
	As of 2025 other compound still remain largely unexplored for use as crystolecules. <br>		As of 2025 other compound still remain largely unexplored for use as crystolecules. <br>

	A subset of ~~crystolecuels~~ (or [[gemstone-like molecular element]]s) are <br>		A subset of crystolecules (or [[gemstone-like molecular element]]s) are <br>
	'''diamondoid crystolecules''' ([[diamondoid molecular element]]s).		'''diamondoid crystolecules''' ([[diamondoid molecular element]]s).

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	Use of [[pure metals and metal alloys]] is limitedly suitable for crystolecules for a number of reasons.		Use of [[pure metals and metal alloys]] is limitedly suitable for crystolecules for a number of reasons.
	* Mechanical sliding interfaces can't be done with blank metal on metal surfaces due to [[seamless metallic welding]] on contact. Also, surfaces are likely difficult to passivate (for allowing sliding interfaces that way) due to the catalytic nature of metals. A full gemstone layer may suffice (possibly oxidic) but that just goes back to gemstones. Structural applications are less problematic but face issues too.		* Mechanical sliding interfaces can't be done with blank metal on metal surfaces due to [[seamless metallic welding]] on contact. Also, surfaces are likely difficult to passivate (for allowing sliding interfaces that way) due to the catalytic nature of metals. A full gemstone layer may suffice (possibly oxidic) but that just goes back to gemstones. Structural applications are less problematic but face issues too.
	* Metallic bonds with free electron gas are not directed like covalent bonds and sort of more "slippery". High performance gemstones are notably stronger especially when sticking with ~~ones~~ choice to [[abundant elements]]. Best of todays steels will pale compared to say [[superelastic]] sapphire based [[gem-gum]]. Also (gemstone typical) full breakage might be a preferable digital yes/no failure mode over (metal typical) plastic deformations.		* Metallic bonds with free electron gas are not directed like covalent bonds and sort of more "slippery". High performance gemstones are notably stronger especially when sticking with one's choice to [[abundant elements]]. Best of todays steels will pale compared to say [[superelastic]] sapphire based [[gem-gum]]. Also (gemstone typical) full breakage might be a preferable digital yes/no failure mode over (metal typical) plastic deformations.
	* Metal ad-atoms on metal surfaces tend to [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_diffusion diffuse] away from where they have been deposited. Likely ok with sticking fo flat surfaces during crystolecule usage and with sticking with [[mechanosynthesis]] at sufficiently deep cryo temperatures in fabrication.		* Metal ad-atoms on metal surfaces tend to [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_diffusion diffuse] away from where they have been deposited. Likely ok with sticking to flat surfaces during crystolecule usage and with sticking with [[mechanosynthesis]] at sufficiently deep cryo temperatures in fabrication.

	* Usage of salts like gemstones should be face ~~less~~ issues than metals structurally in limited scale. Flawless nanoparts will be [[superelastic]] but interlocking to make large scale [[gem-gum]] faces the issue of [[seamless ionic welding]].		* Usage of salts like gemstones should face fewer issues than metals structurally in limited scale. Flawless nanoparts will be [[superelastic]] but interlocking to make large scale [[gem-gum]] faces the issue of [[seamless ionic welding]].
	* Salt like gemstones (just like metals) can't be passivated well for sliding interfaces. Salt like gemstones as base material are thus likely mostly useful for structural framework purposes. Possible exception: Enforced non-bonding spacing may allow to play some tricks with discretely notches motion.		* Salt like gemstones (just like metals) can't be passivated well for sliding interfaces. Salt like gemstones as base material are thus likely mostly useful for structural framework purposes. Possible exception: Enforced non-bonding spacing may allow to play some tricks with discretely notches motion.

Gemstone-like molecular element - Revision history

Apm: Category:Far term target

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Apm: /* Related / added '''Design of crystolecules'''