View source for Mechadense's Wiki about Atomically Precise Manufacturing

Advanced '''Atomically precise manufacturing (APM)''' is a prospective '''method of production for material goods''' of all sizes. <br>
The products of this manufacturing method consist out of atomically precise [[diamondoid molecular elements|parts]]. These constituent parts like e.g. bearings gears springs and housing structures have the smallest possible physical size that allows for their functioning. When assembled the systems they create strikingly resemble conventional factory-equipment that one finds at the meter scale but on the meter scale those new kind of clearly non biological products may well be designed to be smooth [[emulated elasticity|elastic]] and seamless a trait only biological matter illustrates today. In contrast to atomic scale biological systems those artificial atomically precise systems do not rely on [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion thermal movement] for their function, instead they operate in the [[machine phase]]. Out of [[diamondoid|various reasons]] diamond and [[diamondoid|diamond like]] substances are suitable building materials. All of the [[diamondoid molecular elements|parts]] have their surfaces chemically plugged (passivated). Passivated surfaces do not bind to one another (not covalently to be exact). When they are aligned such that their atomic roughness can't intermesh they slide on each other [[superlubrication|wear free and superlubricating]].<br>

With [[exploratory engineering]] it was shown <ref name="nasy">[[Nanoystems|Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation - by K. Eric Drexler]]</ref> that [[further improvement at technology level III|AP products]] of the [[technology level III|targeted type]] will perform better than most products out of materials known today and due to the decentral (at home / locally) and direct (raw material to product in one step) characteristics of the manufacturing process there is also reason to assume that AP products will be cheap in production. Combined those properties may lead to drastic changes in human civilization over a short period of time giving us an [[opportunities|opportunity]] to rapidly solve yet untacklable global problems but also presenting us to new kinds of [[dangers]].

The technical details about the [[technology level III|targeted kind of technology]] can be found in the book Nanosystems <ref name="nasy"/>. It contains details about math physics and chemistry behind those machines. Among other things there is explained why quantum uncertainty is not really a problem, why thermal movement is a solvable challenge and why knowledge about natural solution phase chemistry is not directly applicable to chemical synthesis in the machine phase ([[mechanosynthesis]]). <br>

== What this site is for?  ==

This is a place to gather information specifically relevant for the attainment of the capability to manufacture goods out of a vew well chosen set of molecular/atomic building blocks with [[atomic precision]] and [[technology level III|almost single atomic control]].
By doing so this site should also show that there is already enough knowledge for targeted development work i.e. that it's already rather clear what we have to do next and which questions are to be asked and that there is just a lack of people working toward that goal today.<br>
'''Please read the guidelines on the [[community portal|community portal]] before contributing.''' <br>
'''Note:''' When contributing here please '''avoid''' using the term '''nanotechnology''' and use more precise and specific terms ([[APM related terms|APM related terms]]) instead.<br>[[history|History]] has led to the fact that "nanotechnology" now (2013) almost exclusively links to '''non''' atomically precise technologies.
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Today (2014) there is a puzzle of technological fragments. There are fragments of todays technology as well as fragments of future technology. Those fragments of future technology are to a certain degree credible since they are quite well accessible for theoretical investigation. The objective is to find and locate all the ends of the fragments that are located at the beginning of the time-line and to find out what work needs to be done to tie them together with the beginning of the fragments later in the time-line.

Beside attainment of APM other '''closely related topics are also welcome''' but are not the main objective of this site. e.g.:
* concise explanations of the already known facts about [[atomic precision|AP]] technology AP manufacturing and AP products <br>(comprehensible by average technological interested people but not inaccurate)
* discussion of near and  far [[dangers]] and [[opportunities]].
* high level pre-planning including prospective "near" term products - getting an overview - creating a rough orientation chart
* conveying an [[intuitive feel]] for AP machines
* [[general discussion]]s including [[general software issues]]

== Why do we need APM?  ==

The [[further improvement at technology level III|prospective products of AP technology]] are a [[opportunities|chance]] to '''solve the global problems''' of human civilization and to '''preserve and further enrich our world'''. Further there are some essays about [https://www.foresight.org/nano/WhyCare.html why you should care].

Nonetheless public interest is declining ([http://www.google.com/trends/explore?q=google+public+data#q=molecular%20nanotechnology%2C%20eric%20drexler%2C%20advanced%20nanotechnology%2C%20nano%20robotics%2C%20scanning%20tunneling%20microscopy&cmpt=q number of searches]; [https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/sci.nanotech newsgroup activity]). Also in wide parts of the world '''APM is as good as unknow''' to the general public.

The reason for that development could be:

*The rapid increase of non atomically precise nanotechnology was drawing all attention away. See [[history]].
*A lack of a place where the importance of AP Technology is explained, exciting but not so near motivational examples are given and at the same time grounded technical aspects are shown. (This site here could be such a place.)<br>

== Incremental pathway  ==

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px; text-align: center"
! colspan = "2"|Technology levels
|-
| [[Technology level 0|Level 0]]
| [[side products of technology level 0|side products]]
|-
| [[Technology level I|Level I]]
| [[side products of technology level I|side products]]
|-
| [[Technology level II|Level II]]
| [[side products of technology level II|side products]]
|-
| [[Technology level III|Level III]]
| [[diamondoid metamaterials|pre-products]]<br>[[further improvement at technology level III|products]]<br>[[most speculative potential applications| maybe]]
|}

In Appendix II of the book "Radical Abundance" <ref name="RA">Radical Abundance: How a Revolution in Nanotechnology Will Change Civilization - by K. Eric Drexler</ref> it is proposed to go through several levels of APM technology to reach advanced ([[atomic resolution]] & diamondoid) APM. These layers will serve as a rough guideline for the structuring of this Wiki. 
In "Nanosystems" <ref name="nasy"/> technology stages are mentioned beginning with section 16.5.2. (written before the emergence of structural DNA nanotechnology) <br>

The recently developed self assembling structural DNA nanotechnology and similar reliably designable structures might be a good starting point from [[technology level 0]].
By introducing robotic (more precisely stereotactic) control one could reach something like a "''block resolution robotic technology''" [[technology level I]] from there in a first step. 
In a second step one could change to e.g. Pyrite or Silica [[technology level II]] as building material to increase structural stiffness, reduce vibration amplitudes and get thus more placing accuracy. 
And finally in a third step one could switch from fluid phase to vacuum so that carbon and silicon can be assembled [[technology level III]].

This very crude temporal outline is by no means the only possible way to go. There may be shortcuts or other paths. <br>
Note: The '''definition of [[atomic precision]] does not imply single-atomic manipulation'''. The derived term "APM" also tells nothing about product size. It is thus suitable for todays self assembly and all technology levels beyond [[technology level 0|0]].
'''Advanced levels of APM''' though are capable of '''macromanufacturing''' of [[diamondoid]] structures '''with [[atomic resolution]]'''.

Note that the behavior of mobile electrons at the nanoscale is not as easily predictable as the behavior of mechanics at the same scale thus there's less [[exploratory engineering]] for nanoelectronics than nanomechanics. See [[non mechanical technology path]] and [[brownian technology path]].

== Direct pathway ==

Another approach is to [[skipping technology levels|skip the outlined technology levels]] and try to create
at least one very simple hydrocarbon [[robotic mechanosyntesis core]] from which via exponential assembly a nanofactory can be spawned.

== Pathway controversy ==

On the [http://www.molecularassembler.com/Nanofactory/index.htm#Note28Dec08  bottom of the Nanofactory Collaboration page] they explicitly state that they try to tread the direct pathway.

Citation:
  Toward Advanced Nanosystems, 28 December 2008: There appears to be some confusion as to who is advocating the direct-to-DMS approach to molecular manufacturing. We are.
         Our assessment is that diamondoid mechanosynthesis (DMS), including <br> highly-parallelized atomically-precise diamondoid fabrication, is <br> the quickest currently feasible route to a mature molecular nanotechnology, including nanofactories.
         We do not think that DMS is a “necessary first step” for molecular manufacturing, and <br> we wish the best of luck to those pursuing other paths. However, we do think <br> DMS is a highly desirable first step, since it offers a much faster route to mature nanosystems than competing approaches. <br> We disagree with the statement that “diamond synthesis seems almost irrelevant to progress toward advanced nanosystems.” <br> We have a favorable view of the feasibility of the direct-to-DMS approach – a favorable view supported by <br> hundreds of pages of detailed analysis in recently-published peer-reviewed technical journal papers and by <br> gradually-evolving mainstream opinion.

They did this in response to this article: [http://metamodern.com/2008/12/27/toward-advanced-nanosystems-materials-1/ E.Drexlers Blog: why diamond synthesis is a bad objective]. Where E. Drexler roughly states the following:

* Promotion of the direct pathway to advanced APM systems is falsely attributed to him.
* Actually he always heavily advocated development starting from bio-molecular nanosystems.
* There’s a huge difference between a practical, near-term objective and an attractive but distant aim point.
* Some ideas about diamond synthesis (e.g. that it's a a necessary first step) are impractical research objectives that have received far too much attention and seem absurd to most scientists. At the current stage of research, diamond synthesis is both difficult and unnecessary. It's a particularly difficult test-case for the application of advanced mechanosynthesis to high-performance materials.
* Those ideas spread unproportionlally. Despite the original meaning of the term "[[mechanosynthesis]]" which he says is "molecular synthesis directed by mechanical means" it became very much equated to diamond synthesis.
* Mis-conceptional ideas like this have and may continue to impede progress.

== How long will it take us to get there? ==

One should assume that:
* it will take too long to lean back and say "we don't need to solve environmental problems because AP Technology will solve them".
* it will come too fast to lean back and say "we don't need to think about effects of radical economic changes and potential arms races".

The Speed of progress in microcomputer technology shows that system complexity isn't so much of a hurdle.
Finding the right steps through the initial path puts the greatest question-mark on the time-spans to expect.
Taking a completely arbitrary shot in the blue I'd say from now (2014) it will take somewhere between one and four generations (4G's ~ one long lifetime).

== External links ==

* [http://www.foresight.org/ Foresight Institute: Nanotechnology]
* [http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/201310Nano_Solutions.pdf Disquisition 2013 "Nano-solutions for the 21st century: Unleashing the fourth technological revolution"]
* [http://www.zyvexlabs.com/Publications2010/WhitePapers/APM_Q_and_A.html Zyvex's definition of APM]

*  <span style="color:#FF0000">'''Slides from [//cfp.linuxwochen.at/de/LWW14/public/events/115 the talk] the [[APM:About|apm-wiki site admin]] gave at the austrian "linuxwochen" event: [http://www.apm.bplaced.net/public/APM-Talk-12-2slidesproseite_de.pdf slides-pdf-file]'''</span>

=== Videos ===

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bw6Zi17DBI Video of oxford talk]: Eric K. Drexler speaks about his new book "Radical Abundance"
* [http://vimeo.com/12768578 Fully Printed] - Note: [[Diamondoid]] '''nanofactories''' will look and work differently and '''[[misconceptions#no food|won't produce food]]'''.
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaSgP_KyZiY BBC Horizon Nanoutopia (1995)] - Note: '''The term "nanotechnology" turned out to be to unspecific and the assembler concept is now superseded by the nanofactory concept.''' The complexity of a nanofactory will be akin to modern day computer chips.

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:General]]